ÿþ<html> <head> <!-- /1 --> <title>Scientific works in Russian :: Bumali Project</title> <!-- 2/ --> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1251"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="index2.css"> <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript" src="____index.js"></script> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" leftmargin="0" topmargin="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0"><!-- background="pic/z.gif" onload="preloadImages();" --> <!-- page/ --> <table width="100%" height="100%" align=center cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0> <!-- header/ --> <tr height=240> <td background="pic/z_header.jpg"> <table width=945 height=240 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0> <tr> <td width=41> <!-- 645 + 300 = 945 --> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=41 height=1 border=0 alt=""><br> </td> <td width=152> <a href="/"><img src="pic/logo.gif" width="152" height="240" border=0 alt="Bumali Project"></a><br> </td> <td width=170> <div style="position:relative;top:204px;left:14px"> <a href="#"><img src="pic/lang2en1.gif" width="45" height="31" border=0 alt="English"></a><a href="#"><img src="pic/lang2ru0.gif" width="54" height="31" border=0 alt="Russian"></a><a href="#"><img src="pic/lang2cn0.gif" width="33" height="31" border=0 alt="Chinese"></a><br> </div> </td> <td width=282> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=282 height=1 border=0 alt=""><br> </td> <td width=300> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=1 height=4 border=0 alt=""><br> <!--include virtual="ssi/menu-en.shtml"--> <ul> <li><a class=noir2 href="indexch.shtml">Home page</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="01hart.shtml">Sir Robert Hart</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="02customs.shtml">The Imperial Chinese Maritime Customs</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="03expeditions.shtml">The British expeditions to China</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="04tsungli.shtml">Tsungli Yamen</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="05treaties.shtml">China, Japan, Korea, and Powers. Treaties</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="06war.shtml">Franco-Chinese War 1884-1885</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="07maps.shtml">Maps</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="08contact.shtml">Works in Russian</a> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr height=9> <td class="paper1"> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=1 height=9 border=0 alt=""><br> </td> </tr> <!-- /header --> <!-- middle part/ --> <tr height="100%"> <td class="paper2"> <br> <table width="100%" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0> <tr> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="42" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="462" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="22" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="372" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> <td width="100%"><img src="pic/v.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> </tr> <tr> <td><img src="pic/leftpane.jpg" width="42" height="422" border=0 alt=""><br><br></td> <td class="content"> <!-- /2 --> <!-- content/ --> <h3>© Ma@8O C3@>20</h3> <h1>C=:0= M<?15;; 8 8B09A:85 <>@A:85 B0<>6=8</h1> <p><i>XL =0CG=0O :>=D5@5=F8O "1I5AB2> 8 3>AC40@AB2> 2 8B05". .: >AB.;8B., 2010.</i></p> <p>04 =0<8 GC685 A25B8;0,</p> <p>> 2 A5@4F5 A2>8 15@565<,</p> <p>K =07K205< 4><><</p> <p>=3;8N, 345 =5 6825<.</p> <p>@> 602>@>=:>2 0=3;89A:8E</p> <p>K A;KH0;8 >B <0B5@59,</p> <p>> ?5;8 =0< ?5AB@K5 ;>@8</p> <p> ?@>AB>@5 ?K;L=KE ?>;59.</p> <p>/ .8?;8=3</p> <p> 8AB>@88 F8=A:>3> 8B0O ?>A;54=59 G5B25@B8 XIX 25:0 0=3;8G0=8= >15@B %0@B 1K; 8725AB5= 2A5< 8=B5@5ACNI8<AO 0;L=8< >AB>:>< :0: @C:>2>48B5;L 8B09A:8E <>@A:8E B0<>65=, 8<5NI89 2;8O=85 =0 F8=A:8E ?@028B5;LAB25==KE G8=>2=8:>2, >BAB0820NI89 8=B5@5AK 8B0O, => =5 701K20NI89 1;NAB8 8 1@8B0=A:85 8=B5@5AK (A<. 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"0:8< 035=B>< 2;8O=8O A> 2@5<5=5< AB0; .%0@B, 2 :@C3 >1O70==>AB59 :>B>@>3> ?><8<> 2545=8O 45;, A2O70==KE A B0<>65==>9 ?>;8B8:>9 8 =0;>30<8, 2E>48;8 2>?@>AK >1@07>20=8O, ?@><KH;5==>3> @0728B8O 8B0O, 709<K, <8AA8>=5@A:85 45;0 8 AC451=>-?@02>2K5 >B=>H5=8O (A<. [17, c. 243-244]).</p> <p><5==> 2 MB>B ?5@8>4 .M<?15;; ?@81K; 2 8B09. = ?@>8AE>48; @>4>< 87 7=0B=>9 8@;0=4A:>9 A5<L8. > <C6A:>9 ;8=88 2A5 2 53> A5<L5 A;C68;8 2 2>5==>< 254><AB25 0=3;89A:8E :>@>;52A:8E 2>9A:. 3> >B5F 70=8<0; 4>;6=>ABL ?>;:>2=8:0 2=5H=8E ACE>?CB=KE 2>9A:, 2 A2O78 A G5< 45BAB2> 8 N=>ABL <;04H53> M<?15;;0 ?@>H;8 =0 81@0;B0@5 8 2 0;L:CBB5. 4=0:> >= @5H8; =0@CH8BL A5<59=CN B@048F8N. >A;5 >:>=G0=8O 38<=0788 >= CG8;AO 2 0@865 8 0<1C@35.  1856 3. >= @01>B0; ?>;3>40 2 =3;88 2 =3;89A:>< ?>GB>2>< 254><AB25, 8 70B5< 4> 1862 3. A;C68; 2 <8=8AB5@AB25 D8=0=A>2, 345 CA?5H=> A?@02;O;AO A> A2>8<8 >1O70==>ABO<8. -B>B >?KB ?>72>;8; 5<C E>@>H> @07>1@0BLAO 2 2>?@>A0E C?@02;5=8O.  1862 3. 5<C ?@54;>68;8 ?>:8=CBL 8=8AB5@AB2> 8 ?>ABC?8BL =0 A;C61C 2 =5402=> A>740==>5 #?@02;5=85 :8B09A:8<8 B0<>6=O<8 2 >=4>=5, CG@5645=85, A>740==>5 0=3;8G0=0<8 4;O :>=B@>;O 70 45OB5;L=>ABLN 1@8B0=A:>3> HB0B0, @01>B02H53> 2 8B05, 8 ?>43>B>2:8 =>2KE A>B@C4=8:>2 ?5@54 8E >B?@02:>9 2 >4=515A=CN 8<?5@8N. M<?15;; ?@8=O; ?@54;>65=85 8 A 1 45:01@O 1862 3. ?>ABC?8; =0 =>2CN A;C61C. = BI0B5;L=> 87CG0; 8B09 8 ?>4?8A0==K5 AB0BL8 4>3>2>@>2 A 8=>AB@0==K<8 3>AC40@AB20<8 (A<. [18, c. 47-48]). >;CG82 ?5@28G=CN ?>43>B>2:C, >= >B?@028;AO 2 8B09, ?5@2>=0G0;L=> 2 :0G5AB25 A5:@5B0@O 8 ?><>I=8:0 ..MO.  1862 3. M9 ?>;CG8; >B &7C=;8 O<K=O 8=AB@C:F88 4;O AB@>8B5;LAB20 :8B09A:>3> D;>B0 8 =01>@0 ;N459 4;O 1>@L1K A :>=B@010=4>9, ?8@0BAB2>< 8 2>AAB0=8O<8.</p> <p>..M9 25; A51O A0<>C25@5==> 8 A0<>;8G=> ?@8=8<0; @5H5=8O.16 O=20@O 1863 3. >= ?>4?8A0; A>3;0H5=85 87 13 AB0B59 A ?>;:>2=8:>< (5@0@4>< 71>@=><, 2 :>B>@>< 27O; =0 A51O >B25BAB25==>ABL «?>;CG8BL >B 8<?5@0B>@0 2A5 =5>1E>48<K5 ?>;=><>G8O, GB>1K =07=0G8BL 71>@=0 2 :0G5AB25 :><0=4CNI53> 2@>?59A:>9 G0ABLN 8B09A:>3> D;>B0», 8 «>B:070BLAO 2KABC?0BL ?>A@54=8:>< 2 2>?@>A0E, 2 :>B>@KE >= =5 2848B F5;5A>>1@07=>AB8», 2 B> 2@5<O :0: ?>;:>2=8: 71>@=, A 53> AB>@>=K, 1@0; =0 A51O >1O70B5;LAB20 «459AB2>20BL 2 A>>B25BAB288 A ?@8:070<8 8<?5@0B>@0, ?5@540==K<8 =0?@O<CN MN. 71>@= >1O70;AO =5 2K?>;=OBL :0:85-;81> ?@8:07K, ?5@540==K5 ?> 4@C38< :0=0;0< A2O78» (A<. [&8B.?>: 13, c. 20]). M<?15;; A>?@>2>640; MO 8 A1>@=0 2 <0@B5 1863 3. 2 8E ?CB5H5AB288, 2 B>< 65 3>4C 2 <0@B5 ?@81K; 2 (0=E09, 345 =0G0;0AL 53> =>20O 687=L. M9 ?KB0;AO 548=>;8G=> :>=B@>;8@>20BL 2A5 2>?@>AK, A2O70==K5 A <>@A:8< D;>B>< 8B0O 8 1K; A=OB A 70=8<05<>3> 8< ?>AB0. <5AB> =53> 1K; =07=0G5= >15@B %0@B (A<. [13, c. 20]). M<?15;; 25@=C;AO 2 =3;8N, C94O 2 >BAB02:C.  A2>5< 4=52=8:5 >B 21 =>O1@O 1863 3. .%0@B ?8A0;: «!5:@5B0@L MO, M<?15;;, ?@85E0; A53>4=O; >= C2>;8;AO 8 A>18@05BAO 4><>9» (A<. [9, c. 316]). 4=0:> 70 2@5<O A2>59 @01>BK 2 8B05, M<?15;; E>@>H> 70@5:><5=4>20; A51O, 8 .%0@B =0AB>O; =0 53> 2>72@0I5=88 =0 A;C61C.  1866 M<?15;; ?@85E0; 2 5:8=, AB02 A5:@5B0@5< .%0@B0. > @5:><5=40B5;L=><C ?8AL<C %0@B0, &C=;8 O<K=L 2 1868 3. C?>;=><>G8; 53> >B?@028BLAO 2 2@>?C =0 A5:@5B=CN @01>BC ?>4 8<5=5< «Emily», A F5;LN 2K:C?0 C ?>@BC30;LF52 0:0> (><5=O).</p> <p> 1870 3. 53> =0?@028;8 2 =3;8N 2<5AB> %0@B0 25AB8 45;0 A "09=K< A>25B>< :0A0B5;L=> 45;0 C<?0E0. $>= C<?0E, =5<5F ?> ?@>8AE>645=8N, 1@8B0=A:89 ?@>D5AA>@, 1K; ?@83;0H5= %0@B>< ?@5?>4020BL <0B5<0B8:C 8 0AB@>=><8N 2 >;;546 ?5@52>4G8:>2 2 5:8=5 2 1866 3. $>= C<?0E 1K; =54>2>;5= A2>8< ?>;>65=85<, B.:. 5<C ?@8H;>AL ?@5?>4020BL M;5<5=B0@=CN <0B5<0B8:C G5@57 ?5@52>4G8:0. > ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: D>= C<?0E =0G0; ?@5?>4020=85 2 8B05, 2>7=8:;8 >AB@K5 ?@>B82>@5G8O. = =5 7=0; :8B09A:>3> O7K:0, 8 ABC45=BK =5 >2;045;8 =0G0;L=K<8 7=0=8O<8 ?> <0B5<0B8:5 4065 ?@8 =0;8G88 ?5@52>4G8:0. $>= C<?0E AG8B0;, GB> 4;O >1CG5=8O >A=>20< <0B5<0B8:8 <>6=> =0=OBL =0 @01>BC 4@C38E ;N459, 0 A0< >= E>B5; ?@5?>4020BL 0AB@>=><8N.  A5=BO1@5 1868 3. 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[18, c. 51]).</p> <p>M<?15;; >B=>A8;AO : B>9 =5<=>3>G8A;5==>9 :0B53>@88 ;N459, :>B>@K< %0@B 4>25@O;. %0@B 2 >4=>< 87 A2>8E ?8A5< 3>2>@8;: «/ 7=0N, GB> =5B =8 >4=>3> G5;>25:0, :>B>@K9 B0: 65 A>>B25BAB2>20; 1K MB>9 4>;6=>AB8, :0: BK, O2;OOAL <>8< 3;02=K< A5:@5B0@5<& 8 A>25@H5==> =8:5< =5 8725AB=K< G5;>25:>< (2 =3;88, - .,)» (A<. [&8B. ?>: 18, c. 50]). 5>D8F80;L=K5 A2O78 <564C 5=5@0;L=K< 8=A?5:B>@>< :8B09A:8E <>@A:8E B0<>65= 8 "09=K< !>25B>< C:@5?;O;8AL ?@8 A>459AB288 M<?15;;0 8 A> 2@5<5=5< ?@52@0B8;8AL 2 <5E0=87< ?> @5H5=8N A;>6=KE ?@>1;5<, 2>7=8:0NI8E <564C :8B09A:8<8 8 1@8B0=A:8<8 ?>440==K<8. 0?@8<5@, 2 1874 3. ?@>87>H5; 8=F845=B A 0=3;89A:8< B>@3>2K< AC4=>< «0487», >B:0702H8<AO, ?@8 ?>445@6:5 1@8B0=A:>3> ?>A;0==8:0 2 8B05, "><0A0 M940, 2AB0BL =0 O:>@L, > G5< ?@>A8;8 :8B09A:85 <5AB=K5 2;0AB8. &7C=;8 O<K=L ?@>A8; %0@B0 ?><>GL 2 @5H5=88 MB>3> 2>?@>A0. >A;54=89 B5;53@0D8@>20; .M<?15;;C 2 >=4>= ?>40BL 60;>1C 2 2KAH89 AC4 5;8:>1@8B0=88.  D52@0;5 1879 3. 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[20, B.7., c. 388-389]). > @0B8D8:0F88 "O=LF78=A:>3> >3>2>@0 2 @09>=5 0:;5 ?>4 0=3H>=>< 23 8N=O 1884 3. ?@>87>H;> >G5@54=>5 AB>;:=>25=85 <564C D@0=FC7A:8<8 2>9A:0<8 8 :8B09A:8< 30@=87>=><, =0@CH82H55 2@5<5==>5 ?5@5<8@85.  >?8AK205<K9 ?5@8>4 2>5==K5 459AB28O <564C D@0=FC7A:8<8 8 :8B09A:8<8 2>9A:0<8 H;8 >4=>2@5<5==> 2 =5A:>;L:8E <5AB0E, 2 B>< G8A;5, ?>4 &78=H0=5< (?@>28=F8O $CF7O=L), 2>7;5 $>@<>7K. 23 023CAB0 D@0=FC7A:89 D;>B 2=570?=> =0?0; 2 1CEB5 0F7O= =0 :8B09A:85 :>@01;8, 1><10@48@>20; =0E>4OI85AO 2 02M9 :>@015;L=K5 4>:8. 59AB28O D@0=FC7A:>3> D;>B0 CEC4H8;8 >1ICN >1AB0=>2:C, 8 F8=A:89 42>@ 26 023CAB0 >1JO28; $@0=F88 2>9=C (A<. [19, c. 154]).</p> <p>29 023CAB0 M<?15;; B5;53@0D8@>20; %0@BC: "B @5=28;;O ?@8H;0 B5;53@0<<0: D@0=FC7A:>5 ?@028B5;LAB2> A59G0A =0<5@5=> 2K1@0BL =081>;55 2K3>4=>5 ?>A@54=8G5AB2>, :>B>@>5 ?@54;0305B 5@<0=8O. >7<>6=> ?>A@54=8G5AB2> <5@8:8" (A<. [14, c. 48]). 11 A5=BO1@O %0@B B5;53@0D8@>20; 5@18 , GB> "5A;8 ?>O28BAO B@5BLO AB>@>=0, 2 >A>15==>AB8 A>2<5AB=K5 459AB28O =3;88 8 5@<0=88, B> 8B09 8 $@0=F8O <>3CB A>3;0A8BLAO =0 ?>A@54=8G5AB2> <5@8:8. >65B ;8 0=3;89A:89  =0?@028BL ?>A;0 87 5@;8=0 A>3;0A>20BL 2>?@>A A =5<5F:8< ><? 4=>2@5<5==> =3;8O 8 5@<0=8O =0?@02OB ?>A;>2 2 0@86 8 5:8= A F5;LN ?@54>B2@0B8BL ?@8=OB85 $@0=F859 8 8B05< 0<5@8:0=A:>3> ?>A@54=8G5AB20. A;8 MB> 2>7<>6=> >ACI5AB28BL, 2>9=0 1C45B >AB0=>2;5=0, B>@3>2;N <>6=> 1C45B ?@>4>;68BL, C40ABAO 871560BL G5;>25G5A:8E 65@B2. =0G5, A=>20 =0G=5BAO 2>9=0, 2>7<>6=> =0 <=>3> ;5B, :>B>@0O =0=5A5B 1>;LH>9 C@>= $@0=F88 8 8B0N" (A<. [14, c. 48]).</p> <p>15 A5=BO1@O 5@18 25;5; M<?15;;C B5;53@0D8@>20BL %0@BC: "@5=28;;L 25;5; 2AB@5B8BLAO" (A<. [14, c. 49]). 17 A5=BO1@O %0@B ?>;CG8; A>>1I5=85 > B><, GB> D@0=FC7A:89 :018=5B >B:070;AO >B 0@18B@060 8 =0AB08205B =0 B><, GB>1K =5<54;5==> ?@8=OBL <5@K ?> =0=5A5=8N C40@0. 6 >:BO1@O @5=28;;L A=>20 G5@57 5@18 B5;53@0D8@>20; %0@BC: ">A@54=8G5AB2> =3;88 =5 <>65B 1KBL ?@8=OB> $@0=F859" (A<. [14, c. 50-52]).  >4=>< 87 A2>8E ?8A5< M<?15;;C %0@B ?8A0; 2 8N=O 1883 3.: «0: B>;L:> 8B09 8 $@0=F8O @072O6CB 2>9=C, /?>=8O BCB 65 =0?@028B 30 BKAOG A>;40B.  >@55 =0G=CBAO 15A?>@O4:8" (A<. [20, B.3, c. 281-282]).  >B=>H5=88 40;L=52>AB>G=>9 ?>;8B8:8 4;O 5;8:>1@8B0=88 1K;0 =5<0;>206=0 ?>78F8O /?>=88, :>B>@0O 5I5 2> 2B>@>9 ?>;>28=5 70-E 33. XIX 2. =0G0;0 45<>=AB@0F8N A2>59 2>5==>9 <>I8 2 >@55 2 55 ?@>B82>AB>O=88 8B0N. "0:8< >1@07><, ?>78F8N =59B@0;8B5B0 =3;88 2> 2@5<O D@0=:>-:8B09A:>3> :>=D;8:B0 <>6=> @0AA<0B@820BL :0: 1;03>?@8OB=>5 4;O =0G0;0 459AB289 /?>=88 2 >@55 (A<. [2, c. 94-97]). >?@>A >1 CG0AB88 /?>=88 2>7=8:05B 2 ?5@5?8A:5 %0@B0 A M<?15;;>< A=>20 2 O=20@5 1885 3. >A;5 2AB@5G8 A $5@@8 M<?15;; ?8H5B 15 O=20@O: ".$5@@8 ?@>2>73;0A8;, GB> >::C?0F8O ?@81@56=KE @09>=>2 /?>=859 B@51C5B M:A?0=A88 2?;>BL 4> 3@0=8F 8B0O". 0 GB> 16 O=20@O %0@B >B25G05B 5<C, GB> "/?>=8O 8 >@5O C65 @5H8;8 @072O70BL AA>@C 8 A?@0H820NB: >= (%0@B, - ..), ?>445@68B 459AB28O ($@0=F88, - ..) 2 8B05, 8;8 >B:065B D@0=FC7A:8< CAB@5<;5=8O<" (A<. [20, B.7, c. 378]).</p> <p>10 >:BO1@O 1884 3. M<?15;; 2AB@5B8;AO A D@0=FC7A:8< ?>A;>< 2 5;8:>1@8B0=88 8 >1AC48; A =8< 2>?@>A 70:;NG5=8O <8@0 <564C $@0=F859 8 8B05<. $@0=FC7A:89 ?>A>; A>>1I8; 5<C, GB> "AB>8B B>;L:> ;8HL 8B0N ?@87=0BL 2K?;0BC :>=B@81CF88, C =53> 1C45B ?>2>4 25@8BL 2 2>7<>6=>ABL 1KAB@>3> 4>AB865=8O <8@0. 07<5@ :>=B@81CF89 =5 4>;65= 2K720BL 2>?@>A>2. @>1;5<0 ;8HL 2 B><, 345 8 :B> 1C45B 25AB8 ?5@53>2>@K" (A<. [20, B.3, c. 635-636]) . M<?15;; BCB 65 @5:><5=4>20; 5<C %0@B0. 16 >:BO1@O 5@18 B5;53@0D8@>20; M<?15;;C, A>>1I82, GB> >= <>65B 2AB@5B8BLAO A D@0=FC7A:8< ?>A;>< 2 >=4>=5, GB> 8<5==> %0@B 4>;65= 1KBL 4>25@5==K< ;8F>< @5=28;;O 8 >B 8<5=8 0=3;89A:>3> ?@028B5;LAB20 1KBL 3>B>2K< 2KABC?8BL 0@18B@>< 2 D@0=:>-:8B09A:>< :>=D;8:B5.  ?8AL<5 5@18 5I5 ?>OA=O;, GB> >= E>G5B CAB0=>28BL <564C %0@B>< 8 0=3;89A:8< ?@028B5;LAB2>< "?@O<>9 :0=0; A2O78" 4;O 1KAB@>BK 459AB289 %0@B0 (A<. [19, c. 156]). 22 >:BO1@O 5@18 G5@57 M<?15;;0 B5;53@0D8@>20; %0@BC: "/ 2 ;8G=>9 15A545 A @5=28;;5< 70B@>=C; A5:@5B=K5 2>?@>AK, 5A;8 BK A<>65HL ?@54;>68BL ?CB8 8E @5H5=8O, B> A59G0A 5ABL 2>7<>6=>ABL >1AC48BL". 28 >:BO1@O 5@18 A>>1I8; %0@BC, GB> 0=3;89A:>5 ?@028B5;LAB2> 65;05B, GB>1K 8B09 8 $@0=F8O ?@5:@0B8;8 2@06451=K5 459AB28O" (A<. [14, c. 53-54]). </p> <p>7 O=20@O 1885 3. %0@B 2=>2L B5;53@0D8@>20; M<?15;;C "=5<54;5==> >B?@028BLAO 2 0@86, 2AB@5B8BLAO A $5@@8" (A<. [14, c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c. 377]). M<?15;; >B25B8; %0@BC: "$5@@8 =8G53> B0: =5 65;05B, :0: ?@O<>3> 4>3>2>@0 A &7C=;8 O<K=5< G5@57 0A, => B0: :0: K =5 O2;O5B5AL =8 :8B09A:8< 8=8AB@>< 8=>AB@0==KE 45;, =8 G;5=>< ?@028B5;LAB20, >= ?@>A8B ?>4B25@645=8O >B &7C=;8 O<K=O 0H8E ?>;=><>G89 8 30@0=B89 0H53> ?>A@54=8G5AB20" (A<. [&8B.?>: 12, c. 600). >?@>A CG0AB8O M<?15;;0 2 ?5@53>2>@=>< ?@>F5AA5 1K; >4>1@5= =5 B>;L:> F8=A:8< ?@028B5;LAB2><. = B0:65 >1AC640;AO 8 A 1@8B0=A:>9 AB>@>=>9. 9 O=20@O 1885 3. M<?15;; A>>1I0; 87 >=4>=0 %0@BC > B><, GB> 2845;AO A @5=28;;5< 8 ?>A;54=89 8A:@5==5 ?>445@68205B 53> ?>A@54=8G5AB2> 8 2708<>>B=>H5=8O A $5@@8 (A<. [20, B.7, c. 377]). </p> <p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c. 382]).</p> <p>21 D52@0;O %0@B B5;53@0D8@>20; M<?15;;C: " =0AB>OI55 2@5<O ?5@53>2>@K ?>;=>ABLN 2 <>8E @C:0E, O B@51CN E@0=8BL 2A5 2 A5:@5B5& <?5@0B>@ C65 8740; ?@8:07, 25;5; 2 "O=LF78=5, (0=E05, ?@>28=F88 $CF7O=L ?@5:@0B8BL ?5@53>2>@K 2> 871560=85 ?><5E <>8< 459AB28O<" (A<. [14, c. 81]). %0@B A=>20 ?>;CG8; ?@8:07 25AB8 D@0=:>-:8B09A:85 ?5@53>2>@K, 0 B0:65 4>18;AO A>3;0A8O D@0=FC7A:>3> ?@028B5;LAB20. 25 D52@0;O $5@@8 2> 2@5<O 2AB@5G8 A M<?15;;>< 70O28;: "5@5409B5 %0@BC, GB> O A>3;0A5=. 0: 8 >=, O B0:65 =045NAL =09B8 ?>A@54=8:0, >4=0:>, 2A5 =5>1E>48<> E@0=8BL 2 A5:@5B5, 2?;>BL 4> 2>7>1=>2;5=8O @50;L=KE ?5@53>2>@>2" (A<. [20, B.3, c. 33]). $@0=F8N 8=B5@5A>20; 2>?@>A > @5?0@0F8OE 8 B>@3>2KE ?@828;538OE. .$5@@8 3 <0@B0 G5@57 M<?15;;0 A?@0H820; %0@B0 > B><, ":0:>2K MB8 B>@3>2K5 ?@828;5388? 'B> >A>15==>3> >=8 <>3CB 40BL $@0=F88? $5@@8 40; ?>=OBL, GB> @0=LH5 8 %C=G60= 40; ($@0=F88, - ..) :>=F5AA88 =0 AB@>8B5;LAB2> 65;57=KE 4>@>3" (A<. [20, B.7, c. 396]).  <0@B5 1885 3. D@0=FC7A:85 2>9A:0 2B>@3;8AL 2 ">=:8=, 1;>:8@>202 ?>15@56L5, @0718;8 :8B09A:89 D;>B 8 @073@><8;8 0@A5=0; 2 $CG6>C, ?>?KB02H8AL >2;045BL ?>;C>AB@>2>< "0920=L. 4=0:> 26 <0@B0 1885 3. 2 0@865 C7=0;8, GB> ?@8 0=3H>=5 D@0=FC7A:0O 0@<8O =5>6840==> ?>B5@?5;0 ?>@065=85, GB> ?@825;> 2 :>=5G=>< 8B>35 : ?045=8N :018=5B0 .$5@@8.</p> <p> 57:>5 87<5=5=85 >1AB0=>2:8 =0 B50B@5 2>5==KE 459AB289, 0 B0:65 ?@028B5;LAB25==K9 :@878A 2K=C48;8 $@0=F8N ?@54;>68BL 8B0N A@>G=> 70:;NG8BL <8@=K9 4>3>2>@. 5;530F8O :8B09A:>3> ?@028B5;LAB20 8 D@0=FC7A:85 ?@54AB028B5;8 4 0?@5;O 1885 3. ?>4?8A0;8 D@0=:>-:8B09A:89 ?@5420@8B5;L=K9 4>3>2>@. %0@B =0?8A0; 2 A@>G=>9 B5;53@0<<5 M<?15;;C: "5?;>E> ?@>25@=C;8! / G5AB2CN 8 1;03>40@N B51O!" (A<. [14, c. 100]). 7 0?@5;O F8=A:89 42>@ >1=0@>4>20; 45:@5B, @0B8D8F8@>202H89 BO=L78=A:CN :>=25=F8N. > 4>3>2>@C 8B09 >AB0=02;820; 459AB28O 2>9A:, =07=0G0; 40BC 8E 2K2>40. 9 8N=O 1885 3. 1K; ?>4?8A0; 4>3>2>@ > <8@5, ?> :>B>@><C 8B09 ?@87=020; ?@>B5:B>@0B $@0=F88 =04 L5B=0<><. 8B09 >B:@K20; 4;O 8=>AB@0==>9 B>@3>2;8 ?>3@0=8G=K5 ?C=:BK >:>;> 3>@>4>2 0=3H>= 8 0>:09 2 L5B=0<5.  A>>B25BAB288 A CA;>28O<8 4>3>2>@0, D@0=FC7A:85 B>20@K >1;030;8AL ;L3>B=K< B0@8D><. 8B09A:>5 ?@028B5;LAB2> A>3;0H0;>AL 2>A?>;L7>20BLAO CA;C30<8 $@0=F88 2 A;CG05 AB@>8B5;LAB20 65;57=KE 4>@>3 2 .6=>< 8B05.</p> <p> 1887 3. .M<?15;; 0:B82=> ?@8=8<0; CG0AB85 2 C@53C;8@>20=88 2>?@>A0 <564C >@BC30;859 8 8B05< 2 >B=>H5=88 0:0>. 5GL H;0 > B><, GB>1K A1>@ ?>H;8= A 22>78<>3> 2 >=:>=3 8;8 0:0> >?8C<0 1K; ?>4 :>=B@>;5< :8B09A:8E <>@A:8E B0<>65=, @02=> :0: 8 2A5 A?>@K, 2>7=8:0NI85 <564C 8=>AB@0==K<8 B>@3>2F0<8 8 <5AB=K<8 B0<>65==K<8 AB0=F8O<8 ?> A1>@C 4>E>40. >@BC30;8O C65 ?>GB8 B@8 AB>;5B8O 25;0 B>@3>2;N 2 2>40E 0:0> 8 B@51>20;0 ?>;=>3> :>=B@>;O =04 53> B5@@8B>@859. >A;5 C@53C;8@>20=8O 2>?@>A0 > 22>75 >?8C<0 2 >=:>=35, %0@BC 1K;> ?>@CG5=> ?@54?@8=OBL 2A5 =5>1E>48<K5 <5@K 4;O C@53C;8@>20=8O 0=0;>38G=K< >1@07>< 2>?@>A0, A2O70==>3> A 0:0>. ! MB>9 F5;LN 6..M<?15;; 1K; >B?@02;5= 2 53> 2B>@CN 48?;><0B8G5A:CN <8AA8N 2 8AA01>=, 345 26 <0@B0 1887 3. >= ?>4?8A0; >B ;8F0 8B0O A >@BC30;859 8AA01>=A:89 @>B>:>;.</p> <p>> MB><C 4>3>2>@C 8B09 ?@87=0; 25G=>5 2;045=85 8 C?@02;5=85 0:0> 8 53> 7028A8<K<8 B5@@8B>@8O<8 >@BC30;859, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: >@BC30;8O >1O7K20;0AL =8:>340 =5 >BGC640BL MBC B5@@8B>@8N 157 A>3;0A8O 8B0O, 8 A>B@C4=8G0BL 2 A1>@5 4>E>40 A >?8C<0 2 0:0> 0=0;>38G=>, :0: MB> 45;0;0 5;8:>1@8B0=8O 2 >=:>=35. 1 45:01@O 1887 3. <564C >@BC30;859 8 8B05< 2 5:8=5 1K; ?>4?8A0= >3>2>@ > 4@C615 8 B>@3>2;5, @0B8D8F8@>20==K9 8B05< 28 0?@5;O 1888 3. 2 "O=LF78=5. !>3;0A=> @8;>65=8N : MB><C 4>3>2>@C, ?>4?8A0==><C . %0@B>< >B ;8F0 :8B09A:>3> ?@028B5;LAB20, 2 0:0> 4>;65= 1K; 1KBL >B:@KB B0<>65==K9 >D8A 4;O ?@>4068 >?8C<=KE A5@B8D8:0B>2 =0 C?;0BC ?>H;8= 8 @0AA<>B@5=8O 60;>1 :8B09A:8E B>@3>2F52. "0<>65==K9 >D8A 1K; >B:@KB 2 0?@5;O 1887 3. ?>4 :>=B@>;5< 35=5@0;L=>3> 8=A?5:B>@0 (A<. [13, c. 42-45]).</p> <p>#A?5H=>5 7025@H5=85 D@0=:>-:8B09A:>3> :>=D;8:B0 8 C@53C;8@>20=85 2>?@>A0, A2O70==>3> A 0:0> <564C 8B05< 8 >@BC30;859 2 80-E 33. XIX 25:0 ?@8 ?>A@54=8G5AB25 .M<?15;;0 40;> B>;G>: 4;O =>2>3> MB0?0 ?@>=8:=>25=8O 2 8B09 70?04=KE 45@602 (5A;8 @0AA<0B@820BL >?8C<=K5 2>9=K A5@548=K XIX :0: =0G0;L=K9 MB0?. - ..). <5==> 2 MB>B ?5@8>4 =0G8=05BAO <0AHB01=>5 ?@>=8:=>25=85 70?04=KE 45@602 2> 2=CB@5==85 @09>=K 8B0O, 4>ABC? 2 :>B>@K5 4;O 8=>AB@0=F52 @0=55 1K; 70:@KB. 0 A2>N 45OB5;L=>ABL 2 8B05 M<?15;; ?>;CG8; <=>65AB2> =03@04 :0: >B :8B09A:>3> ?@028B5;LAB20, B0: 8 >B ?@028B5;LAB20 70?04=KE 45@602.  1881 3. 70 B>, GB> >= 2 1879 3. C40G=> 70:070; :>@015;L=K5 ?CH:8 4;O 8B0O, 0 B0:65 2K3>4=> >@30=87>20; AB@>8B5;LAB2> :>@015;L=KE 4>:>2, 5<C 1K; ?@8A2>5= @0=3 G8=>2=8:0 B@5BL53> :;0AA0.  1882 3. >= ?>;CG8; @0=3 G8=>2=8:0 2B>@>3> :;0AA0, 0 2 1897 3. >= 1K; =03@0645= 72574>9 4@0:>=0 ?5@2>9 AB5?5=8.  1885 3. 0=3;89A:>5 ?@028B5;LAB2> 70 70A;C38 ?5@54 5;8:>1@8B0=859 =03@048;> 53> >@45=>< !2. 8E08;0 8 5>@38O . @028B5;LAB20 $@0=F88 8 >@BC30;88 B0:65 =03@048;8 53> >A>1K<8 7=0:0<8 >B;8G8O (A<. [18, c. 50]).</p> <h2>AB>G=8:8 8 ;8B5@0BC@0</h2> <p>1. C3@>20 .!. >15@B %0@B 8 8B09A:85 <>@A:85 B0<>6=8 // 725AB8O >AB>G=>3> 8=AB8BCB0 0;L=52>AB>G=>3> 3>AC40@AB25==>3> C=825@A8B5B0. !13. ;0482>AB>:: 740B5;LAB2> 0;L=52>AB>G=>3> C=825@A8B5B0. 2006. 2. C3@>20 .!. 5>D8F80;L=0O 48?;><0B8O 5;8:>1@8B0=88 2 C@53C;8@>20=88 D@0=:>-:8B09A:>3> :>=D;8:B0 1883-1885 33. // 1I5AB2> 8 3>AC40@AB2> 2 8B05:  100-;5B8N A> 4=O @>645=8O ..C<0=0. .: >AB.;8B. 2007. 3. !;04:>2A:89 .. 8B09 8 =3;8O. ., 1980. 4. !;04:>2A:89 .. AB>@8O B>@3>2>-M:>=><8G5A:8E >B=>H5=89 =0@>4>2 >AA88 A 8B05< (4> 1917 3.). ., 1974. 5. Bredon J. Sir Robert Hart. The Romance of great Career told by his niece Juliet Bredon. L., 1909. 6. China and the war // The Quarterly Review. L., 1860. No.107. 7. Fairbank J.K. Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast. The opening of the Treaty ports, 1842-1854. Stanford, 1969. 8. Hart R. The Inspector General in Peking, 1868-1907. Vol.I. L., 1975. 9. Hart.R. Entering China s service. Robert Hart s journal, 1854-1863. L., 1970. 10. Steiger G.N. A history of the Far East. Boston, 1944. 11. Treaties, Conventions and etc. between China and Foreign States. Vol. 1. Shanghai. 1917. 12. Wright S.F. Hart and !hinese customs. Belfast. 1950. 13. Wright S.F. The Origin and Development of the Chinese Customs Service, 1843-1911. An historical outline. Shanghai. 1956 14. 83>G6C8 N9 G6C=3> E093C0=L. '6C=3> E093C0=L N9 G6C=D0 G60=LG6M=. ".4. 5:8=. 1957. 15. 8 0=LEC9. %M4M FN0=L;8 F7>2M9 EM <0>4C=L A8=3M (H81:8 C?@02;5=8O %0@B0 8 E0@0:B5@ ?@>B82>@5G89) // &78=L409 O=LF7N ;8H8. 5:8=. 1991. K?. 63. !3. 16. 0 (8. '6C=EC0 483> 4C9209 3C0=LA8H8 (>@75. AB>@8O <564C=0@>4=KE >B=>H5=89 8B0O 8 8<?5@80;8AB8G5A:8E 45@602). "B. 1-3. 5:8=, 1960. 17. &N:M. (8?8= '6C &78=LN9 AO=LHM= 4M «%M4M N9 F78=L409 G6C=A8 3C0=LA8» (F5=:0 @01>BK '6C &78=LN «%0@B 8 <564C=0@>4=K5 A2O78 8B0O 8 70?040 2 =>2>5 2@5<O») // &78=L409 O=LF7N ;8H8. 5:8=. 1989. K?.49. !1. 18. '60= &78FO=L. &78=L4M=30=L N9 G6C=3> E093C0=L (M<?15;; 8 :8B09A:0O B0<>6=O) // &78=L409 O=LF7N ;8H8. 5:8=. 1989. K?. 54. !6. 19. 'M=L M=L3C9. '6C=D0 G60=LG6M= F8F7O=L EM4M «CFN0=L 209F7O>» O=LF7N (AA;54>20=85 «2=5A;C651=>9 48?;><0B88» >15@B0 %0@B0 2 D@0=:>-:8B09A:>9 2>9=5) // &78=L409 O=LF7N ;8H8. 5:8=, 1996. K?. 96. !6. 20. '6C=3> E093C0=L <840=L %M4M, &78=L4M=30=L E0=L4O=LEC91O=L (1874-1907) (!5:@5B=K9 0@E82 8B09A:8E <>@A:8E B0<>65=, A>1@0=85 B5;53@0<< %0@B0 8 M<?15;;0). 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