ÿþ<html> <head> <!-- /1 --> <title>Scientific works in Russian :: Bumali Project</title> <!-- 2/ --> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1251"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="index2.css"> <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript" src="____index.js"></script> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" leftmargin="0" topmargin="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0"><!-- background="pic/z.gif" onload="preloadImages();" --> <!-- page/ --> <table width="100%" height="100%" align=center cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0> <!-- header/ --> <tr height=240> <td background="pic/z_header.jpg"> <table width=945 height=240 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0> <tr> <td width=41> <!-- 645 + 300 = 945 --> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=41 height=1 border=0 alt=""><br> </td> <td width=152> <a href="/"><img src="pic/logo.gif" width="152" height="240" border=0 alt="Bumali Project"></a><br> </td> <td width=170> <div style="position:relative;top:204px;left:14px"> <a href="#"><img src="pic/lang2en1.gif" width="45" height="31" border=0 alt="English"></a><a href="#"><img src="pic/lang2ru0.gif" width="54" height="31" border=0 alt="Russian"></a><a href="#"><img src="pic/lang2cn0.gif" width="33" height="31" border=0 alt="Chinese"></a><br> </div> </td> <td width=282> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=282 height=1 border=0 alt=""><br> </td> <td width=300> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=1 height=4 border=0 alt=""><br> <!--include virtual="ssi/menu-en.shtml"--> <ul> <li><a class=noir2 href="indexch.shtml">Home page</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="01hart.shtml">Sir Robert Hart</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="02customs.shtml">The Imperial Chinese Maritime Customs</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="03expeditions.shtml">The British expeditions to China</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="04tsungli.shtml">Tsungli Yamen</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="05treaties.shtml">China, Japan, Korea, and Powers. Treaties</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="06war.shtml">Franco-Chinese War 1884-1885</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="07maps.shtml">Maps</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="08contact.shtml">Works in Russian</a> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr height=9> <td class="paper1"> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=1 height=9 border=0 alt=""><br> </td> </tr> <!-- /header --> <!-- middle part/ --> <tr height="100%"> <td class="paper2"> <br> <table width="100%" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0> <tr> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="42" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="462" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="22" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="372" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> <td width="100%"><img src="pic/v.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> </tr> <tr> <td><img src="pic/leftpane.jpg" width="42" height="422" border=0 alt=""><br><br></td> <td class="content"> <!-- /2 --> <!-- content/ --> <h3>© Ma@8O C3@>20</h3> <h1>@8B0=A:85 M:A?548F88 2 8B09 8 A>A54=85 @09>=K (70  90-5 33. XIX 2.)</h1> <p><i>>AB>:. D@>-0780BA:85 >1I5AB20: 8AB>@8O 8 A>2@5<5==>ABL. .: 0C:0. 2008. A.130-137.</i></p> <p> 70  90-E 33. XIX 25:0 2 <564C=0@>4=>9 ?>;8B8:5 =0 ?5@2K9 ?;0= 2KE>4OB @0745; D@8:8, ?@>1;5<0 38?B0, 1;86=52>AB>G=K9 2>?@>A.  40==K9 ?5@8>4 AB@0B538O 8 B0:B8:0 5;8:>1@8B0=88 2 40;L=52>AB>G=>< @538>=5 <5=O5BAO: =0 A<5=C 2>5==K< <5B>40< 402;5=8O ?@8E>4OB @07254K20B5;L=K5 M:A?548F88, G8A;> :>B>@KE @57:> 2>7@0AB05B.  AB0BL5 @0AA<0B@820NBAO ?@8G8=K 1@8B0=A:8E M:A?548F89, 8E E0@0:B5@ 8 @57C;LB0BK. A=>2=K< 8AB>G=8:>< 8AA;54>20=8O A;C60B >BG5BK >@>;52A:>3> 35>3@0D8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20 8 >@>;52A:>3> 0780BA:>3> >1I5AB20 .</p> <p> 70-< 33. XIX 2. 8B0N 1K;8 =02O70=K =5@02=>?@02=K5 4>3>2>@K, 2 @57C;LB0B5 :>B>@KE 4;O 8=>AB@0==>9 B>@3>2;8 1K; >B:@KB ;8HL @O4 ?>@B>2. > 8=>AB@0==0O B>@3>2;O 2 =5A:>;L:8E ?>@B0E =5 ?@825;0 : «>B:@KB8N» 2A59 AB@0=K. =CB@5==85 @09>=K 8B0O >AB020;8AL ?@0:B8G5A:8 =54>ABC?=K 8=>AB@0=F0<. ;O ?@>=8:=>25=8O BC40 =5>1E>48<> 1K;> 8<5BL >A>1K5 @07@5H5=8O, ?>;CG8BL :>B>@K5 1K;> =5 B0: ?@>AB>.  B><C 65, 1@8B0=A:85 B>@3>2FK AB>;:=C;8AL A B5<, GB> =0A5;5=85 8B0O ?@54?>G8B0;> <5AB=K5 B>20@K 1@8B0=A:8<. -:>=><8ABK B>3> 2@5<5=8 AG8B0;8 "A0<>4>AB0B>G=>ABL 8B0O A0<K< 3@>7=K< 10@L5@><, A :>B>@K< =3;8O AB>;:=C;0AL 70 2AN 8AB>@8N (A2>59.  ..) ?@><KH;5==>9 8 B>@3>2>9 M:A?0=A88" [Sargent, 1907, @.225].  1882 3. 1@8B0=A:89 :>=AC; 2 3.'C=F8=5 :A=5< ?8A0;, GB> "8=>AB@0==0O B>@3>2;O 2 8B05 ?5@568205B AB03=0F8N. ;02=0O ?@8G8=0 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> >3@><=K9 <0AA82 =0A5;5=8O =5 ?>:C?05B <0=CD0:BC@=CN ?@>4C:F8N& =0H8 B>20@K 87 E;>?:0 =5 CAB@0820NB :8B09F52, B0: :0: A;8H:>< 1KAB@> 87=0H820NBAO. 5AB=0O >45640 45H52;5, :@5?G5 8 =0456=55" [The Economist& , 1884, @.12].</p> <p>#25;8G5=85 G8A;0 =0?@02;O5<KE 2 8B09 1@8B0=A:8E M:A?548F89 2 70 90-E 33. >1JOA=O;>AL F5;K< @O4>< ?@8G8=. !5@548=0 70-E  A5@548=0 80-E 33. XIX 2.  ?5@8>4 M:>=><8G5A:>9 45?@5AA88 2 2@>?5, :>B>@>9 =5 871560;0 8 5;8:>1@8B0=8O. @8B0=A:85 ?@54?@8=8<0B5;8 1K;8 708=B5@5A>20=K 2 =>2KE @K=:0E A1KB0, 8 2=CB@5==89 8B09 ?@54AB02;O;AO >4=8< 87 =8E. </p> <p> 70 80-E 33. XIX 2. C =3;88 ?>O2;ONBAO A5@L57=K5 :>=:C@5=BK =0 0;L=5< >AB>:5 2 ;8F5 $@0=F88, 5@<0=88 8 >AA88, 2=8<0=85 :>B>@KE : 8B0N 2 C:070==K9 ?5@8>4 2>7@>A;>. =8 =0G8=0NB 8AA;54>20=85 8B0O, 87CG5=85 2=CB@5==8E B>@3>2KE <0@H@CB>2, @07254:C @0A?>;>65=8O AB@0B538G5A:8 206=KE >1J5:B>2. =3;8O =5 <>3;0 =5 >1@0B8BL 2=8<0=85 =0 8E 459AB28O 8 2K=C645=0 1K;0 ?@54?@8=8<0BL <5@K 4;O A>E@0=5=8O A2>53> 2;8O=8O 2 40;L=52>AB>G=>< @538>=5. C@=0;8AB 8 @540:B>@ 1@8B0=A:>3> 6C@=0;0 «$>@B=09B;8 @52LN», ".%.!. -A:>B >15A?>:>5=> ?8A0; 2 1884 3.: "K >:070;8AL 2 =>2>9 A8BC0F88: <564C=0@>4=K5 >B=>H5=8O, >B25BAB25==>ABL, >1O70==>AB8, 2>7;>65==K5 =0H59 8<?5@859, @>;L, :>B>@CN <K 4>;6=K 8 <>65< 83@0BL 2 <8@>2>9 ?>;8B8:5 87<5=8;8AL ?>A;5 A<5@B8 0;L<5@AB>=0, 25;8:85 52@>?59A:85 45@602K 2>>@C65=K B0:, GB> =3;8O =5A?>A>1=0 A =8<8 :>=:C@8@>20BL; :>=B@>;L =04 52@>?59A:>9 ?>;8B8:>9 =0E>48BAO 2 @C:0E 5@<0=88" [Escott, 1884, @.705 707].  MB8E >1AB>OB5;LAB20E =5>1E>48<K< AB0=>28;8AL A>AB02;5=85 B>G=KE :0@B, >?8A0=85 ?@8@>4=KE >A>15==>AB59 &8=A:>9 8<?5@88, 87CG5=85 <5AB=KE O7K:>2, A>AB02;5=85 A;>20@59 8 B.4. A5 MB> B@51>20;> 8AA;54>20=89 =0 <5AB0E.</p> <p>@8B0=A:>5 ?@028B5;LAB2> 1K;> 708=B5@5A>20=> =5 AB>;L:> 2 ?@>42865=88 =0 :8B09A:89 @K=>: 0=3;89A:8E B>20@>2, => 3;02=K< >1@07>< 2 @0A?@>AB@0=5=88 0=3;89A:>3> M:>=><8G5A:>3> 8 ?>;8B8G5A:>3> 2;8O=8O =0 2AN AB@0=C, 4;O G53> MBC AB@0=C =C6=> 1K;> E>@>H> 7=0BL. ?KB ">?8C<=KE 2>9=" ?>:070; =54>AB0B>G=CN MDD5:B82=>ABL B>;L:> 2>5==KE 459AB289 2 CA;>28OE 8B0O.  @07254K20B5;L=K5 M:A?548F88 2> 2=CB@5==89 8B09 8 1;87;560I85 @09>=K <>3;8 >:070BL ?><>IL 2 ?>8A:0E =>2KE <5B>4>2 CA8;5=8O 2;8O=8O =0 &8=A:CN 8<?5@8N. </p> <p>-:A?548F88 1K;8 4>@>3>AB>OI8<8 2A;54AB285 ?@8@>4=KE CA;>289, >BACBAB28O 4>@>3, 2@06451=>3> >B=>H5=8O <5AB=>3> =0A5;5=8O 8 25@>OB=>AB8 =0?045=8O @071>9=8:>2.  1883 3. &7M= &78F7M >B<5G0;, GB> C 0=3;8G0=, ?CB5H5AB2CNI8E ?> 2=CB@5==8< @09>=0<, G0AB> 2>7=8:0;8 A;>6=>AB8 2 A2O78 A ?@5?OBAB28O<8, G8=8<K<8 ?@54AB028B5;O<8 <5AB=>9 04<8=8AB@0F88 [Tseng Chitse, 1883, @.992].</p> <p>@8B0=A:85 M:A?548F88 2 8B09 <>6=> @0745;8BL =0 425 :0B53>@88: 2>-?5@2KE, MB> M:A?548F88, :>B>@K5 4>;6=K 1K;8 8AA;54>20BL 2>7<>6=>ABL @0A?@>AB@0=5=8O 2;8O=8O =3;88 =0 A>?@545;L=K5 A 8B05< @09>=K. ..#>45;;, 2>73;02;O2H89 1@8B0=A:CN 2>5==CN M:A?548F8N 2 E0AC 2 1904 3>4C, AD>@<C;8@>20; >D8F80;L=CN B>G:C 7@5=8O :0A0B5;L=> >B=>H5=89 A 3>AC40@AB20<8 =0 3@0=8F0E @8B0=A:>9 =488: "& (=0H0.  ..) ?>;8B8:0 2 B5G5=85 4;8B5;L=>3> 2@5<5=8 A2>48;0AL : B><C, GB>1K >15A?5G8BL 2>7=8:=>25=85 24>;L =0H8E 3@0=8F, 2 :0G5AB25 1CD5@0, <564C =0<8 8 A>A54=8<8 AB@0=0<8 @O40 ?>;C=57028A8<KE 3>AC40@AB2, ?>;L7CNI8EAO A0<>C?@02;5=85< 2> 2=CB@5==8E 45;0E, => >1;040NI8E 4>AB0B>G=>9 A2>1>4>9, GB>1K, 2 A;CG05 2B>@65=8O, >=8 >:070;8AL ?>;57=K<8 (4;O =3;88.  ..). -B8 3>AC40@AB20 4>;6=K =0E>48BLAO ?>4 =0H8< AN75@5=8B5B>< (?>A:>;L:C <K >15A?5G8205< 8E 02B>=><8N) 8 1KBL >B:@KBK<8 4;O B>@3>2;8" [&8B. ?>: @070CA:0A, 1980, c.38].</p> <p>>-2B>@KE, MB> M:A?548F88 2 3;C1L 8B0O. E E0@0:B5@ 8 <0@H@CBK 7028A5;8 >B B>3>, :5< >=8 >@30=87>2K20;8AL: ?@028B5;LAB2>< ;8 5;8:>1@8B0=88, B>@3>2K<8 ;8 ?0;0B0<8 8;8 >B45;L=K<8 ?@54?@8=8<0B5;O<8, 708=B5@5A>20==K<8 2 =0;06820=88 B>@3>2KE >B=>H5=89 2 >?@545;5==KE @09>=0E 8B0O. </p> <p>>;LH8=AB2> M:A?548F89 D>@<0;L=> =>A8;8 E0@0:B5@ =0CG=KE. > 87CG5=85 <8@0 D;>@K 8 D0C=K >4=515A=>9 70G0ABCN A;C68;> ;8HL H8@<>9, ?@8:@K20NI59 8AB8==K5 F5;8 8 7040G8 <8AA89.  70 90-5 33. XIX 2. 0=3;8G0=5 ?@54?@8=O;8 1>;55 B@84F0B8 M:A?548F89 2 8B09 8 A>?@545;L=K5 @09>=K. </p> <h3>-:A?548F88 2> 2=CB@5==85 @09>=K 8B0O 8 8@<C<h3> <p> 8AA;54C5<K9 ?5@8>4 2> 2=CB@5==85 @09>=K 8B0O 1K;> ?@54?@8=OB> =5A:>;L:> 1@8B0=A:8E M:A?548F89. </p> <p> O=20@5 023CAB5 1871 3. "><A>= A>25@H8; ?CB5H5AB285 ?> @. /=F7K 2 !KGC0=L 4;O 8AA;54>20=8O <0@H@CB0 %0=L:>C  G0=. &5;L M:A?548F88 70:;NG0;0AL 2 B><, GB>1K 87CG8BL 2>7<>6=>ABL AC4>E>4AB20 2 25@E=5< B5G5=88 @. /=F7K 2 C7:8E CI5;LOE 2KH5 'C=F8=0.</p> <p> 1873 3. 1@8B0=A:89 :>=AC;LA:89 035=B ?@8 18@<0=A:>< 42>@5 2 0=40;05 ?@54;>68; >@30=87>20BL 8AA;54>20B5;LA:CN <8AA8N 87 0=40;0O G5@57 0<> 8 40;55 4> ><59=0, 2 0;8 2 ?@>28=F88 .=L=0=L. @54;>65=85 1K;> >4>1@5=> 3;02=K< :><8AA0@>< @8B0=A:>9 8@<K 2 A2O78 A 0:B82870F859 459AB289 $@0=F88 2 @09>=5 @.5:>=3. >5==>-B>?>3@0D8G5A:0O M:A?548F8O 2> 3;025 A ?>;:>2=8:>< %..@>C=>< =0AG8BK20;0 >:>;> 200 E>@>H> 2>>@C65==KE ;N459. @8B0=A:><C ?>A;0==8:C 2 5:8=5 ".M94C 1K;> ?>@CG5=> ?>;CG8BL >B :8B09A:>3> ?@028B5;LAB20 ?0A?>@B0 8 =0?@028BL 2 ?><>IL M:A?548F88 >?KB=>3> ?5@52>4G8:0. < AB0; .0@465@8, 29-;5B=89 1@8B0=A:89 :>=AC;LA:89 A;C60I89. = 4>;65= 1K; ?@>A;54>20BL 225@E ?> /=F7K 8 2AB@5B8BL <8AA8N A :8B09A:>9 AB>@>=K. 17 O=20@O 1875 3. 0@465@8 ?@81K; 2 18@<0=A:89 3>@>4 0<>.  D52@0;5 1875 3. M:A?548F8O 428=C;0AL : 18@<0=>-:8B09A:>9 3@0=8F5, => 1K;0 >AB0=>2;5=0 2>>@C65==K<8 ;N4L<8. 0@465@8 >B?@028;AO 2 A>?@>2>645=88 H5AB8 G5;>25: =0 ?5@53>2>@K. 57C;LB0B ?5@53>2>@>2 1K; ?>;>68B5;L=K<. 4=0:> =0 >1@0B=>< ?CB8 21 D52@0;O 1875 3. >= ?>?0; 2 70A04C 8 2 ?5@5AB@5;:5 ?>381. </p> <p>!<5@BL 0@465@8 AB0;0 ?>2>4>< 4;O 2K42865=8O =3;859 B@51>20=89 : 8B0N. 57C;LB0B>< AB0;> 70:;NG5=85 13 A5=BO1@O 1876 3. "'8DCA:>9 :>=25=F88", A>3;0A=> :>B>@>9 8B09 A>3;0H0;AO 2K?;0B8BL A5@51@>< 420 <;=. ;O= (N0=59), >B?@02;O; ?>A>;LAB2> 2 =3;8N 4;O ?@8=5A5=8O 8728=5=89, 2K@010BK20; ?@028;0 B>@3>2;8 =0 3@0=8F5 8@<K 8 .=L=0=8. =3;89A:8< ?@54AB028B5;O< 1K;> @07@5H5=> =01;N40BL 70 B>@3>2;59 2 0;8 8 4@C38E 3>@>40E .=L=0=8 2 B5G5=85 ?OB8 ;5B. >@>40 G0=, #EC, M=LG6>C, M9E09 AB0=>28;8AL >B:@KBK<8 ?>@B0<8, =3;8O <>3;0 =0?@028BL ?@54AB028B5;O 2 'C=F8=. =>AB@0==K< AC40< 1K;> @07@5H5=> 70E>48BL 2 H5ABL 3>@>4>2 =0 /=F7K. >?>;=8B5;L=0O 3;020 :>=25=F88 :0A0;0AL "815B0: 0=3;8G0=5 <>3;8 =0?@02;OBL <8AA88 87 8B0O 2 "815B 8 =48N. </p> <p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algrave, 1883, @.493 501]. 4=0:> >= >B<5G0; ?@5?OBAB28O, 70B@C4=ONI85 >A2>5=85 MB8E @09>=>2: =565;0=85 :8B09A:8E G8=>2=8:>2 2 !KGC0=8 A>B@C4=8G0BL 2 45;5 @07@01>B:8 C3>;L=KE @C4=8:>2; =5E20B:0 ;N4A:8E @5AC@A>2 2 70?04=>9 !KGC0=8, 345 1K;8 @0A?>;>65=K 1>30BK5 70;568 <5B0;;>2; A;>6=>ABL ?CB8 ?@>BO65==>ABLN 500 <8;L >B 0<> 4> 'M=4C, F5=B@0 ?@>28=F88 !KGC0=L: B0< G0AB> A;CG0;8AL =02>4=5=8O 8 >?>;7=8, 0 4>@>3C ?5@5A5:0;8 AB@5<8B5;L=K5 3>@=K5 @5:8. </p> <p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roceedings& Vol. VIII, 1886, p.371]. </p> <p>%>A5 @07<KH;O;, ?>G5<C ?>4?8A0=85 '8DCA:>9 :>=25=F88 =5 ?@825;> : C25;8G5=8N 1@8B0=A:>9 B>@3>2;8 A 8B05<? B25B =0 MB>B 2>?@>A >= 2845; 2 =565;0=88 0=3;89A:8E B>@3>2F52 @8A:>20BL =0 :8B09A:>9 B5@@8B>@88 70?04=55 3. G0=0. 0=LH5 0=3;89A:85 B>@3>2FK ?5@52>78;8 B>20@K 87 G0=0 2 'C=F8= =0 ;>4:0E, 8 <0@H@CB MB>B 70=8<0; >B >4=>3> 4> 42CE <5AOF52. 8:B> =5 30@0=B8@>20;, GB> 70 MB8 420 <5AOF0 =8G53> =5 ?@>87>945B A B>20@><. ">@3>2FK =5 65;0;8 >B?@02;OBLAO BC40, 345 :8B09FK @0=55 4065 =5 2845;8 8=>AB@0=F52, 345 ?CB8 1K;8 5I5 =5 872540=K 8 ?>;=K >?0A=>AB8 [Proceedings& Vol. VIII, 1886, @.371 384].</p> <p> 45:01@5 1885 3. 2 .=L=0=L 87 5:8=0 1K;0 >B?@02;5=0 =>20O M:A?548F8O 2> 3;025 A 5@=5 [Proceedings& Vol. VIII, 1886, p.216 217].  1892 3. A>25@H8; ?CB5H5AB285 225@E ?> @. /=F7K 2 ?@>28=F8N !KGC0=L ..@0BB [Proceedings& Vol. XIII, 1891, @.232 249]. </p> <p>! A5@548=K 80-E 33. XIX 2. 0=3;8G0=5 =0G8=0NB 8AA;54>20=85 2>AB>G=>3> ?>15@56LO 8B0O. >2KH5==K9 8=B5@5A : 40==><C @09>=C 1K; >1CA;>2;5= B5<, GB> $@0=F8O 25;0 2 MB> 2@5<O 2>5==K5 459AB28O 2 8B05. $@0=FC7K >::C?8@>20;8 ?>@B $CG6>C. > 8=8F80B825 1@8B0=A:>3> ?@028B5;LAB20 1K;8 >@30=87>20=K =5A:>;L:> @07254K20B5;L=KE M:A?548F89 2> 3;025 A 1@8B0=A:8< :>=AC;>< .%.0@:5@><. 5@20O M:A?548F8O >B?@028;0AL 29 O=20@O 1883 3. 87 $CG6>C 8 G5@57 $CF7O=L 2 M=LG6>C. B>@0O M:A?548F8O 1K;0 =0?@02;5=0 11 =>O1@O 1883 3. 87 M=LG6>C 2 '6MF7O=. > 40==K< >BG5B0, 2 @09>=5 8<5;>AL "2A5 =5>1E>48<>5 4;O @0728B8O 8=>AB@0==>9 B>@3>2;8" [Journal of the China Branch& Vol. XIX, 1885, @. 17 52]. @06451=>AB8 A> AB>@>=K <5AB=>3> =0A5;5=8O 70<5G5=> =5 1K;>; 1>;LH8=AB2> 87 @0A?>;>65==KE B0< 4><>2 1K;8 7068B>G=K. 0@:5@ >B<5G0;, GB> ;><10@4K 8 AAC4=K5 ;02:8 =0E>48;8AL @C:0E 2KE>4F52 87 ?@>28=F88 =LECM9, B>@3>2;O A0E0@><, D8=8:0<8, D@C:B0<8  2 @C:0E DCF7O=LF52, :5@0<8:>9 B>@3>20;8 F7O=A89FK. 5AB=>5 =0A5;5=85 ?@0:B8G5A:8 =5 =>A8;> 70?04=CN >4564C. @>28=F8O '6MF7O= 1K;0 >15A?5G5=0 2A5<, :@><5 C3;O, 65;570 8 >?8C<0, 87 :>B>@KE ?>A;54=85 425 AB0BL8 A>AB02;O;8 ?>GB8 ?>;>28=C 55 8<?>@B0 [Journal of the China branch& Vol. XIX, 1885, @. 34 38].</p> <p>11 O=20@O 1884 3. 0@:5@ ?@54?@8=O; A2>5 B@5BL5 ?CB5H5AB285 87 M=LG6>C 2 $CF7O=L. 0A0B5;L=> ?@>4068 >?8C<0 2 ?@>28=F88 $CF7O=L, >= 70<5B8;, GB> ?>A;54=89 ?@>405BAO, => 2 >G5=L =57=0G8B5;L=>< :>;8G5AB25 [Journal of the China branch& Vol. XIX, 1885, p.58]. 0@:5@ ?>4@>1=> >?8A0; ?>A5;:8, >B<5B82, GB> 2 40;L=59H5< MB> <>65B AB0BL ?>;57=>9 8=D>@<0F859 4;O ?CB5H5AB25==8:>2. </p> <p> 1887 3. ?> @. %C0=EM 4> 'C=F8=0 A>25@H8; ?CB5H5AB285 1@8B0=A:89 :>=AC; ..:A=5< [Proceedings& Vol. X, 1888, @.519].</p> <p>A>1>5 2=8<0=85 2 80-E 33. XIX 2. =3;8O C45;O;0 @09>=C 5@E=59 8@<K 8 ?CB8 >BBC40 2 N3>-70?04=K9 8B09. K2H89 G8=>2=8: :>;>=80;L=>9 04<8=8AB@0F88 @8B0=A:>9 8@<K 0;E>C= 8 8=65=5@ 5?0@B0<5=B0 ?> >1I5AB25==K< @01>B0< 2 =488 %.%0;;5BB 2 1882 3. A>25@H8;8 ?CB5H5AB285 87 0=B>=0 2 0=3C=. >A;5 A2>53> 2>72@0I5=8O 0;E>C= =0?@028; 2 ">@3>2K5 0;0BK 5;8:>1@8B0=88 ?@54;>65=85 8AA;54>20BL MB>B @09>= 4;O @5H5=8O 2>?@>A0 > AB@>8B5;LAB25 65;57=>9 4>@>38, A>548=ONI59 0=3C= A N3>-70?04=K< 8B05< G5@57 (0=A:85 :=O65AB20. 3> ?@54;>65=85 2AB@5B8;> >4>1@5=85 ?0;0B. > ?@5420@8B5;L=K< ?>4AG5B0< @0AE>4K =0 8AA;54>20=85 A>AB02;O;8 A5<L BKAOG D.AB., 87 :>B>@KE ?>;>28=C 4>;6=K 1K;8 2=5AB8 B>@3>2K5 ?0;0BK, 0 >AB02HCNAO ?>;>28=C  ?@028B5;LAB2> [The Times. 09.02.1883, @. 8]. </p> <p> :>=F5 1884 3. %0;;5BB 8 0;E>C= ?>;CG8;8 >B B>@3>2KE ?0;0B 3.5 BKA. D.AB. =0 8AA;54>20=85 2>7<>6=>AB8 AB@>8B5;LAB20 65;57=>9 4>@>38 . 0@B=5@K A>1@0;8 7=0G8B5;L=CN 8=D>@<0F8N, :0A02HCNAO :;8<0B0, =0A5;5=8O, ?>;57=KE 8A:>?05<KE 8 B.4. A>1>5 2=8<0=85 >=8 C45;O;8 ;8F78=N , >B @07<5@>2 :>B>@>3>, ?> 8E <=5=8N, 7028A5;> ?@>42865=85 0=3;89A:8E B>20@>2 2 8B09. <5==> A;>6=>ABL C@53C;8@>20=8O 2>?@>A0 > ;8F78=5, 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 AB5?5=8, >1JOA=O5B 8=B5@5A 0=3;89A:8E B>@3>2F52 : AB@>8B5;LAB2C 65;57=KE 4>@>3, 1;03>40@O :>B>@K< C40;>AL 1K 871560BL C?;0BK ?>H;8= ?@8 B@0=A?>@B8@>2:5 B>20@>2 2> 2=CB@5==85 @09>=K 8B0O. 0;E>C= 5654=52=> B5;53@0D8@>20; > E>45 M:A?548F88 2 3075BC ""09<A", :>B>@0O ?C1;8:>20;0 53> A>>1I5=8O. </p> <p>C6=> >B<5B8BL, GB> @0728B85 8=>AB@0==>9 B>@3>2;8 2 8B05 A45@6820;>AL >BACBAB285< B@0=A?>@B=>9 8=D@0AB@C:BC@K 2 8B05 . =3;89A:85 ?>?KB:8 ?@8ABC?8BL : AB@>8B5;LAB2C 65;57=KE 4>@>3 2 8B05, 8@<5 8 (0=A:8E :=O65AB20E =5 1K;8 CA?5H=K<8. 5=L38, 2;>65==K5 0=3;89A:8<8 ?@54?@8=8<0B5;O<8 2 8AA;54>20=85 2>7<>6=>AB8 65;57=>4>@>6=>3> AB@>8B5;LAB20, 1K;8 ?>B5@O=K. 8B09A:>5 ?@028B5;LAB2> ?>;030;>, GB> AB@>8B5;LAB2> 65;57=KE 4>@>3 5A;8 8 1C45B >ACI5AB2;OBLAO, B> B>;L:> @C:0<8 A0<8E :8B09F52 [Kent, 1907, @.1 8]. @8B0=A:85 B>@3>2K5 :@C38 =5>4=>:@0B=> >1@0I0;8AL : A2>5<C ?@028B5;LAB2C A ?@>AL10<8 C@53C;8@>20BL =0 <563>AC40@AB25==>< C@>2=5 ?@54>AB02;5=85 :>=F5AA89 =0 @07@01>B:C :8B09A:8E C3>;L=KE 8 8=KE <5AB>@>645=89, 0 B0:65 =0 AB@>8B5;LAB2> 65;57=KE 4>@>3. 5@2K< H03>< : @5H5=8N MB>9 ?@>1;5<K 0=3;89A:85 ?@54?@8=8<0B5;8 2845;8 ?5@5A<>B@ 70:;NG5==KE @0=55 4>3>2>@>2 <564C =3;859 8 8B05<.</p> <p>%0;;5BB 8 0;E>C=, 25@=C2H8AL 25A=>9 1885 3. 2 =3;8N, AB0;8 8A:0BL ?>445@6:C 8E ?;0=0 >@30=870F88 65;57=>4>@>6=>9 :><?0=88. 0 70A540=88 >@>;52A:>3> 35>3@0D8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20 16 =>O1@O 1885 3. %0;;5BB A45;0; 4>:;04 > 2>7<>6=>AB8 ?@>2545=8O 65;57=>9 4>@>38 <564C 8@<>9 8 8B05<, >B<5B82, :0: 206=> 4;O =3;88 ">B:@KBL 8 @072820BL& B>@3>2;N A N3>-70?04=K< 8B05<" [Proceedings& Vol. XIII, 1891, @.1 20]. 1I5AB2> ?@8=O;> @57>;NF8N, ?5@540==CN ?@028B5;LAB2C, 2 :>B>@>9 >4>1@O;>AL AB@>8B5;LAB2> 65;57=>9 4>@>38 8 @0AE>4K =0 =53> >F5=820;8AL 2 >48= <;=. D.AB. </p> <p> <05-8N=5 1890 3. 1K;> ?@54?@8=OB> ?CB5H5AB285 1@8B0=A:>3> 28F5-:>=AC;0 #..@G5@0 87 '5=3B>=30 2 0>A5 2 '80=3<09. &5;LN M:A?548F88 1K;> =0;06820=85 4@C65A:8E 8 :><<5@G5A:8E >B=>H5=89 A 04<8=8AB@0F859 8 B>@3>2K<8 :@C30<8 ?@>28=F88 .=L=0=L, A>AB02;5=85 :0@BK <5AB=>AB8 [Proceedings& Vol. XI., 1889, @.242]. >5==K5 M:A?548F88 =0?@02;O;8AL =3;859 2 8@<C. 0?@8<5@, 2 >9;5< (150 :< >B 0=40;0O).</p> <p> O4 M:A?548F89 1K; ?@54?@8=OB 2 0=LG6C@8N. AA;54>20B5;59 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L 8=B5@5A>20;>, :0: 2AB@5BOB :>G52=8:8 0=LG6C@88 1@8B0=A:8E B>@3>2F52 2 1C4CI5<, =0A:>;L:> 4@C65AB25==K 8E >B=>H5=8O A A>A54=59 >AA859 8 :0:>2> 8E >B=>H5=85 : 8=>AB@0=F0< 2 F5;><.  A5=BO1@5 1885 3. 1K;> ?@54?@8=OB> ?CB5H5AB285 ?>;:>2=8:0 ./=3E0710=40 8 $C;D>@40 2 N6=CN 8 2>AB>G=CN 0=LG6C@8N. K5E02 87 A525@=>9 0=LG6C@88, 8AA;54>20B5;8 >B?@028;8AL 2 @0=55 =5 87CG5==K5 @09>=K, ?5@5A5:;8 5BC=LN, !C=30@8.  A2>5< >BG5B5 > ?@>45;0==>< ?CB5H5AB288 /=3E0710=4 >?8A0; MDD5:B82=CN A8AB5<C ?@>872>4AB20 A>4K 8 A>;8 <0=LG6C@0<8 [Proceedings& Vol. IX, 1887, @.235 247].  1887 3. 2 MB>B @09>= 1K;0 >@30=87>20=0 5I5 >4=0 M:A?548F8O ?>4 @C:>2>4AB2>< /=3E0710=40 [Proceedings... Vol.X, 1888, @.485 519].</p> <p>4=>2@5<5==> A =8< 2 0=LG6C@8N >B?@028;0AL M:A?548F8O 2> 3;025 A %..659<A><, A;C60I8< ><159A:>3> @0640=A:>9 A;C61K.  A2>5< >BG5B5 659<A >B<5G05B, GB> =0A5;5=85 0=LG6C@88 A>AB02;O5B 425=04F0BL-B@8=04F0BL <8;;8>=>2 G5;>25:, 40==K5, :>B>@K5 5<C C40;>AL ?>;CG8BL 87 >BG5B>2 1@8B0=A:8E :>=AC;>2 8 >B <8AA8>=5@>2. "5@@8B>@8O 0=LG6C@88 7=0G8B5;L=> ?@52KH0;0 B5@@8B>@8N 2AB@89A:>9 8<?5@88 8 5;8:>1@8B0=88. 48=AB25==> 1;03>?@8OB=K<8 <5AOF0<8 4;O B>@3>2;8 1K;8 023CAB, A5=BO1@L 8 >:BO1@L, B0: :0: 2 >AB0;L=>5 2@5<O ?@0:B8G5A:8 :064K9 45=L H5; A=53. 0=LG6C@8O 1K;0 1>30B0 <8=5@0;L=K<8 C4>1@5=8O<8, 65;57><, 7>;>B><, A5@51@><, C3;5<, E2>9=K< ;5A><. 659<A 405B =51>;LH>9 M:A:C@A 2 8AB>@8N 0=LG6C@88 8 0:F5=B8@C5B 2=8<0=85 =0 @>;8, :>B>@CN AK3@0;8 <0=LG6C@K 2 8AB>@88 8B0O [Proceedings& Vol. IX, 1887, @.531 568]. </p> <p> 8N=5 1887 3. 87 0=LG6C@88 2 0H30@8N >B?@028;0AL M:A?548F8O 2> 3;025 A :0?8B0=>< N@0=B><, :0?8B0=>< .!<8B><, . >15@BA>=><, >B@O4>< 87 50 :020;5@8AB>2 8 $../=3E0710=4><.  MB> 65 2@5<O >B?@028;0AL 2>5==0O M:A?548F8O 2> 3;025 A ?>;:>2=8:>< !.5;;><, <0@H@CB :>B>@>9 ;560; G5@57 ?@>28=F88 (0=LA8, (M=LA8. 5AL <0@H@CB 70=O; 113 4=59.  ?CB8 425 M:A?548F88 >1J548=8;8AL [Proceedings& Vol. XII, 1890, @.57 60].</p> <h3>@C385 M:A?548F88.<h3> <p>=3;89A:85 B>@3>2FK 2K@060;8 =04564C, GB> "815B 8 3@0=8G0I85 A =8< AB@0=K (5?0;, !8::8<, CB0=) A> 2@5<5=5< AB0=CB @K=:>< A1KB0 1@8B0=A:8E B:0=59. </p> <p>!8::8< @0A?>;030;AO <564C 5?0;>< 8 CB0=><, 3@0=8G0 =0 A525@5 A "815B><. =3;8O 1K;0 708=B5@5A>20=0 2 ?>445@60=88 <8@0 =0 3@0=8F0E CB0=0, 5?0;0, !8::8<0 8 "815B0.  ?5@8>4 2=CB@5==8E =5C@O48F ?5@2>9 ?>;>28=K XIX 2. =3;8O ?><>3;0 !8::8<C 25@=CBL G0ABL 53> B5@@8B>@88. -B> 4020;> 59 ?@58<CI5AB2> 2 40==>< @09>=5 =04 4@C38<8 52@>?59A:8<8 AB@0=0<8. !C?5@8=B5=40=B>< !8::8<0 1K; =07=0G5= 0=3;8G0=8= .M<?15;;. </p> <p>4=>9 87 =081>;55 7=0G8<KE M:A?548F89 2 !8::8< 1K;0 <8AA8O .0:>;8 2 1886 3.  1885 3. >= =0 >A=>25 :>=25=F88 1876 3. ?>;CG8; >B &7C=;8 O<M=O ?0A?>@B, >@30=87>20; 2>>@C65==K9 >B@O4 87 300 G5;>25: 8 =0<5@520;AO 87 65<A8>=30 ?5@5A5GL 3@0=8FC A "815B><, => 2AB@5B8; A>?@>B82;5=85 A> AB>@>=K B815BF52. 8AA8O .0:>;8, 1K;0 =0?@02;5=0 2 !8::8< : 3@0=8F5 "815B0 A F5;LN 2KOA=5=8O ?@8G8= A;CE>2, @0A?@>AB@0=O5<KE B815BA:8<8 G8=>2=8:0<8, >1 C?04:5 B>@3>2;8 G5@57 0@468;8=3, 0 B0:65 2>7<>6=>AB8 >B:@KB8O ?@O<>3> A>>1I5=8O A "815B><. @><5 B>3>, <8AA8O 4>;6=0 1K;0 =0;048BL >B=>H5=8O A <5AB=>9 04<8=8AB@0F859 "815B0 8 =0?@028BL 8< 4@C65AB25==>5 A>>1I5=85 >B :>;>=80;L=>9 04<8=8AB@0F88 =488. 0:>;8 1K; E>@>H> 2AB@5G5=, A>1@0; 8=D>@<0F8N, :0A0NICNAO B>@3>2;8 <564C "815B>< 8 =4859. > @0A?>@O65=8N 1@8B0=A:>3>  >= ?>A5B8; 5:8= 8 ?>;CG8; >B :8B09A:>3> ?@028B5;LAB20 @07@5H5=85 =0 B@5E<5AOG=>5 ?@51K20=85 2 E0A5 4;O =0;06820=8O A2O759 A :8B09A:8< @57845=B>< 8 <5AB=K< ?@028B5;LAB2>< 2 "815B5, 0 B0:65 87CG5=8O 2>?@>A>2 > 2>7<>6=>AB8 A2>1>4=>9 B>@3>2;8 8=489A:8E :C?F>2 2 "815B5 8 8E 157>?0A=>3> ?5@542865=8O G5@57 !8::8< 8 0@468;8=3.</p> <p> 1886 3. <8AA8O 1K;0 >B?@02;5=0 ?>4 >E@0=>9 =51>;LH>3> >B@O40 4;O 70I8BK ?>40@:>2, :>B>@K5 >=0 257;0. > 4>3>2>@C A 8B05<, >=0 ?5@5A5:;0 N3>-2>AB>G=CN 3@0=8FC 0==5:A8@>20==>9 @8B0=859 5@E=59 8@<K. > 2;0AB8 "815B0 =5>4=>7=0G=> 2>A?@8=O;8 ?@>=8:=>25=85 M:A?548F88 =0 55 B5@@8B>@8N 8 @5H8;8, GB> <8AA8O 4>;6=0 ?@5:@0B8BL A2>5 ?@>42865=85. 'B>1K ?>:070BL A2>N 03@5AA82=CN =0AB@>5==>ABL : 0=3;8G0=0<, >=8 =0?@028;8 2>5==K9 >B@O4 4;O >::C?0F88 25@H8=K 8=3BC. "815BFK 7020;8;8 :0<=O<8 ?@>E>4 2 CI5;L5, 1;>:8@>202 4>@>3C. =8 70O28;8 > A2>5< =0<5@5=88 ?@5:@0B8BL ;N1CN B>@3>2;N =0 MB>< <0@H@CB5 <564C "815B>< 8 =4859. 57CA;>2=>, :8B09A:>5 ?@028B5;LAB2> >?0A0;>AL, GB> =3;8O 8A?>;L7C5B MBC A8BC0F8N :0: ?@54;>3 4;O 2B>@65=8O 2 "815B A8;>9. "815BFK C45@6820;8 ?@>E>4 2 8=3BC 8 >B:07K20;8AL 2ABC?0BL 2 ?5@53>2>@K A 0=3;8G0=0<8. 0460 !8::8<0 70O28;, GB> >= 8 53> =0@>4 2 1886 3. ?>4?8A0;8 4>3>2>@, ?> :>B>@><C !8::8< AB0=>28;AO ?>4G8=5==K< B>;L:> 8B0N 8 "815BC.</p> <p> <0@B5-A5=BO1@5 1888 3. 2 @09>= 8=3BC 1K;0 =0?@02;5=0 1@8B0=A:0O 2>5==0O <8AA8O 2> 3;025 A 35=5@0;>< @M<><. &5;L 55 70:;NG0;0AL 2 2>AAB0=>2;5=88 AB0BCA-:2> =3;88 2 !8::8<5, 70I8B5 53> 8 CB0=0 >B 1C4CI53> 03@5AA82=>3> 2<5H0B5;LAB20 "815B0. </p> <p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p> <p>!>3;0A=> 0=3;>-:8B09A:>9 :>=25=F88 1886 3., 8B09 ?@87=0; AC25@5=8B5B =3;88 =04 8@<>9, =3;8O >B:070;0AL >B =07=0G5=8O ?>A;0==8:0 2 "815B.  1890 3. ?> B@51>20=8N 5;8:>1@8B0=88 F8=A:>5 ?@028B5;LAB2> =07=0G8;> A2>53> ?@54AB028B5;O ?><>30BL 2 C@53C;8@>20=88 A8BC0F88 2 "815B5. 17 <0@B0 1890 3. 2 0;L:CBB5 1K;0 70:;NG5=0 :>=25=F8O :0A0B5;L=> !8::8<0, CAB0=>282H0O ?@>B5:B>@0B 5;8:>1@8B0=88 =04 !8::8<>< [The Gazetteer of Sikkim, 1894, @@.15 21]. -B8 420 4>3>2>@0, ?><8<> >1>7=0G5=8O 3@0=8F <564C "815B>< 8 !8::8<><, 2:;NG0;8 AB0BLN, ?> :>B>@>9 =3;8O 8<5;0 ?@02> 25AB8 B>@3>2;N A "815B><, >B:@K20;0 /BC=, GB> ?>72>;8;> 0=3;89A:8< B>@3>2F0< A2>1>4=> ?5@542830BLAO 8 68BL 2 B>@3>2KE ?>A5;5=8OE 2 "815B5.</p> <p>0 >4=>< 87 A>1@0=89 >@>;52A:>3> 35>3@0D8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20 18 O=20@O 1886 3. 1K; 70G8B0= 4>:;04 > A>AB>O2H5<AO 2 :>=F5 1885 3. ?CB5H5AB288 .!:>BB0 2 ">=:8=.  4>:;045 4020;>AL ?>4@>1=>5 >?8A0=85 35>3@0D8G5A:8E CA;>289 ">=:8=0, 53> @5G=>9 A8AB5<K, =0A5;5==KE ?C=:B>2, :;8<0B8G5A:8E CA;>289 8 B.4. =8<0=85 C45;O;>AL <5ABC ">=:8=0 2 1@8B0=A:>9 B>@3>2;5 =0 0;L=5< >AB>:5. !:>BB >B<5G05B, GB> @09>= ">=:8=0 =5 1>30B <8=5@0;0<8, 7>;>B><, A5@51@>< 8;8 >;>2><, =0 :>B>@K5 @0AAG8BK20;8 0=3;89A:85 ?@54?@8=8<0B5;8. !525@=K5 65 ?@>28=F88 ">=:8=0 ?>-?@56=5<C >AB020;8AL =58AA;54>20==K<8 [Proceedings& Vol. VIII, 1886, @.217 245].</p> <p> 1890 3. 1K;> ?@54?@8=OB> ?CB5H5AB285 A. .A30A870 87 ">=:8=0 2 0=B>=.  A2>5< 4>:;045 ?5@54 >@>;52A:8< 35>3@0D8G5A:8< >1I5AB2>< >= ?>4@>1=> >?8A0; 2>5==K5 C:@5?;5=8O ">=:8=0.  1891 3. G5@57 (0=A:85 :=O65AB20 2 ">=:8= >B?@028;0AL 5I5 >4=0 M:A?548F8O 2> 3;025 A ;>@4>< 0<8=3B>=><. = ?>A5B8; !80< 8 '80=3<09 [Proceedings& Vol. XIII, 1891, @.701].  1888 3. 2 0>A 1K;0 ?@54?@8=OB0 M:A?548F8O 2> 3;025 A !..#.!B@8=35@>< [Proceedings& Vol. X, 1888, @.134].</p> <p> @0AA<0B@8205<K9 ?5@8>4 0=3;8G0=0<8 1K;> ?@54?@8=OB> =5A:>;L:> M:A?548F89 =0 >."0920=L ($>@<>7C), =>A82H8E, 2 >A=>2=><, MB=>3@0D8G5A:89 E0@0:B5@. 0 >4=>< 87 70A540=89 >@>;52A:>3> 35>3@0D8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20 2 1889 3. A;C60I8< 8B09A:8E <>@A:8E B0<>65= ."M9;>@>< 1K; 70G8B0= 4>:;04 >1 >4=>9 87 =8E. >:;04G8: >B<5G0; =54>1@>65;0B5;L=>ABL <5AB=>3> =0A5;5=8O ?> >B=>H5=8N : ?CB5H5AB25==8:0<. 0A5;ONI85 "0920=L <5AB=K5 ?;5<5=0 7=0G8B5;L=> >B;8G0;8AL >B :>=B8=5=B0;L=KE :8B09F52, ?>;=>ABLN 873=02H8E 01>@835=>2 A ?;>4>@>4=KE 75<5;L. 065 =0 N35 8 2>AB>G=>< ?>15@56L5 $>@<>7K, 345 1K;> A;>6=> AB@>8BL >@>A8B5;L=K5 :0=0;K, :8B09FK 2>745;K20;8 A2>8 ?>;O. "5 01>@835=K, :>B>@K5 A>?@>B82;O;8AL 2;8O=8N :>=B8=5=B0;L=KE :8B09F52, 1K;8 2KB5A=5=K 2 3>@K. </p> <p>> >?8A0=8O< "M9;>@0, =0 70?045 $>@<>7K 75<;8 1K;8 @02=8==K. !525@ 65 >AB@>20 1K; ?>:@KB E>;<0<8, =0 :>B>@KE @0A?>;030;8AL G09=K5 ?;0=B0F88. 0 2>AB>:5 $>@<>7K 2>A5<L <5AOF52 2 3>4C H;8 ?@>;82=K5 4>648 8 ?@0:B8G5A:8 25AL >AB@>2, 70 8A:;NG5=85< >1@01>B0==KE CG0AB:>2, 1K; ?>:@KB 3CABK< ;5A><. AB@>2 1K; 1>30B C3;5<, 65;57><, A5@>9, =5DBLN, 307><, <54LN, 7>;>B><, @C18=0<8 8 =5>1@01>B0==K< O=B0@5<. "59;>@ ?>;030;, GB> :>@5==>5 =0A5;5=85 1K;> <0;09A:>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O, > G5< 3>2>@8B 53> E0@0:B5@, O7K: 8 ?@82KG:8. ;5<5=0 MB8 =5 1K;8 >1J548=5=K ?>4 2;0ABLN >4=>3> ?@028B5;O. "59;>@ 45;8B 8E =0 G5BK@5 3@C??K. 5@20O - ?0920=, 2>9=K->E>B=8:8, =081>;55 2>8=AB25==K5 ?> A@02=5=8N A >AB0;L=K<8 01>@835=0<8. B>@0O  G6815=8, ?> 2=5H=8< ?@87=0:0<  O?>=A:>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O. # =8E 1>;55 =87:89 AB0BCA =0 >AB@>25, G5< C ?5@2>9 3@C??K. ;02=K< 8E 70=OB85< O2;O;>AL 75<;545;85. 8B09FK @0AA<0B@820;8 8E :0: A0<KE A3>2>@G82KE 68B5;59 $>@<>7K. "@5BLO 3@C??0 - 0<M9, A B>G:8 7@5=8O "59;>@0, =081>;55 8=B5@5A=0O. 5 ?@54AB028B5;8 @0AA<0B@820;8 :8B09F52 :0: 8=>AB@0=F52, >A52H8E =0 8E >AB@>25. 1>@835=K 65 4@C38E 3@C?? =5 AG8B0;8 0<M9 A2>8<8 A>?;5<5==8:0<8, 0 4065 @0AA<0B@820;8 8E :0: ?>B><:>2 =5:>340 ?>B5@?52H59 C >AB@>20 :>@01;5:@CH5=85 :><0=4K 8A?0=A:>3> :>@01;O, :>B>@>9 @07@5H8;8 68BL =0 >AB@>25. '5B25@B0O 3@C??0 01>@835=>2  ?8=?C 70=8<0;0 A@54=55 <564C :8B09F0<8 8 01>@835=0<8 ?>;>65=85 [Proceedings& Vol.XI, No.4, 1889, @.224 243]. </p> <br> <br> <p>0AHB01=>5 ?@>=8:=>25=85 2> 2=CB@5==89 8B09 70?04=KE 45@602, B>;G:>< : :>B>@><C ?>A;C68; D@0=:>-:8B09A:89 2>5==K9 :>=D;8:B 1884 85 3>4>2, >B:@K2H89 425@8 2 N3>-70?04=K9 8B09, AB0=>28BAO 2B>@K< MB0?>< ">B:@KB8O" 8B0O ?>A;5 ">?8C<=KE" 2>9=.  1884 3. 6C@=0;8AB 3075BK ""09<A" >B<5G0;, GB> "A?CABO 16 ;5B <K =0E>48<AO 2 8=>< ?>;>65=88, G5< 2 ?5@8>4 ?>A;54=59 2>9=K A 8B05<. ! 1868 3>40 ?CB5H5AB25==8:8 C?5@, 0@465@8, 8EBE>D5=, 0@=L5, C?8CA, 8;L, 015@, !5G5=8, M9 -;80A =0G0;8 8AA;54>20=85 2=CB@5==53> 8B0O. =>3>5 5I5 >AB05BAO A45;0BL. 4=0:> 2=CB@5==85 @09>=K 8B0O 1>;55 =5 O2;ONBAO 4;O =0A 3;CE>9 AB5=>9. 8B09 C65 =5 O2;O5BAO 70304:>9, :0: 2 1857 3>4C" [The Times, 05.08.1884]. </p> <p>!B>;:=C2H8AL A @O4>< ?@>1;5< 2 &8=A:>9 8<?5@88, =3;8O ?>=8<0;0 =5>1E>48<>ABL 87CG5=8O 8B0O, 53> B@048F8>==>3> >1I5AB20, D>@<8@>20=8O ?@>70?04=> =0AB@>5==>9 ?@>A;>9:8 :8B09A:8E :><?@04>@>2, A>740=8O <5E0=87<>2, ?>72>;ONI8E 2>7459AB2>20BL =0 ?>;8B8:C 8 M:>=><8:C 8B0O. ;O 2K?>;=5=8O ?>AB02;5==KE 7040G =5>1E>48<> 1K;> =0?@02;OBL 8AA;54>20B5;LA:85 M:A?548F88 4;O 87CG5=8O 2=CB@5==8E B>@3>2KE <0@H@CB>2 8 @0A?>;>65=8O AB@0B538G5A:8 206=KE >1J5:B>2 2 8B05. </p> <p>040G0 1@8B0=A:>9 ?>;8B8:8 A>AB>O;0 2 ?>445@6:5 :8B09A:>9 04<8=8AB@0F88 =0 <5AB0E, 0 B0:65 2 D>@<8@>20=88 ?@>70?04=> =0AB@>5==>9 ?@>A;>9:8 :8B09A:8E :><?@04>@>2. -B> ;8H=89 @07 4>:07K20;> A?>A>1=>ABL =3;88 ?@84020BL AB0@K< D>@<0< C?@02;5=8O =>2>5 :0G5AB2>. =3;8O >:07K20;0 A>459AB285 <5AB=>9 04<8=8AB@0F88 2 ?>402;5=88 =0@>4=KE 2KABC?;5=89, GB>, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, A;C68;> E>@>H8< ?@54;>3>< 4;O 40;L=59H53> =0;06820=8O >B=>H5=89 A :8B09A:>9 04<8=8AB@0F859. </p> <p> E>45 M:A?548F89 ?@>872>48;0AL @07254:0 ?>;57=KE 8A:>?05<KE 2 :8B09A:8E ?@>28=F8OE, 45;0;0AL ?>?KB:0 ?>=OBL, =0A:>;L:> 2>7<>6=> 1C45B 2 1C4CI5< =09B8 2 8B05 ?>B5=F80;L=>3> ?>:C?0B5;O 1@8B0=A:8E B>20@>2, 0 B0:65 @K=>: 45H52>9 @01>G59 A8;K 8 AK@LO. 5@54 5;8:>1@8B0=859 AB>O;0 7040G0 87CG8BL, GB> ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 2=CB@5==85 @09>=K 8B0O, :0: AB@>8BL A2>8 >B=>H5=8O A <5AB=>9 :8B09A:>9 04<8=8AB@0F859 4;O @0A?@>AB@0=5=8O A2>53> 2;8O=8O 2 8B05 8 A>A54=8E A =8< @09>=0E 2 B> 2@5<O, :>340 >=8 1C4CB >:>=G0B5;L=> >B:@KBK 4;O 2A5E 52@>?59A:8E 45@602 8 =3;88 ?@845BAO 1>@>BLAO 70 A>E@0=5=85 A2>8E ?>78F89 2 40;L=52>AB>G=>< @538>=5. </p> <h2>!! " "# +</h2> <p>@070CA:0A . !8::8<: 22-9 HB0B =488. ., 1980. The Economist, weekly commercial times, banker s gazette and railmen monitor: a political, literary and general newspaper. March 14, London, 1884. Escott T.H.S. England s foreign policy // The Fortnightly Review. Vol. XXXV. June. 1884. The Gazetteer of Sikkim. Calcutta, 1894. Journal of the China branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Shanghai. Kent P.H. Railway Enterprise in China. An account of its origin and development, L., 1907. The new volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica constituting in combination with the existing volumes of the ninth edition. Vol. XXXVII, London, MCMII. Palgrave W.G. Trade Routes to China and French occupation of Tonquin // The Quarterly Review. Vol.156. July-Oct. 1883. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly reAord of Geography. London. Sargent A.J. Anglo-Chinese commerce and diplomacy. Oxford, 1907. The Times. London. Tseng Chitse (calles Chinese minister to England and France). Extracts from the diary of the Marguis Tseng // The Nineteenth Century Review. Vol. XIV. Dec. 1883. </p> <!-- /content --> <!-- 4/ --> </td> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <!-- /middle part --> <!-- footer/ --> <tr height="100%"> <td class="paper2"> <div class="inkwell"> <img src="pic/inkwell.gif" border=0 alt=""><br> </div> </td> </tr> <tr height=19> <td class="paper3"> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=1 height=19 border=0 alt=""><br> </td> </tr> <tr height=98> <td> <table width="100%" height=98 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0> <tr> <td width=422 bgcolor="#456179" background="pic/z_footer.jpg"> <!-- 422 + 300 = 945 --> <div class="whitey"> © Copyright Bumali Project, 2007<br> All rights reserved<br> bumali2000@yahoo.ca<br> Last update: 2009.08.01<br> </div> </td> <td bgcolor="#456179" align="right"> <div style="position:relative;top:8px;left:218px;"> <!-- 472px --> <a href="http://indians.ru/"><img class=alpha30 onMouseOver="this.className='alpha100';" onMouseOut="this.className='alpha30';" src="pic/design-studio.gif" width="88" height="31" border=0 alt="design by ISS, 2007"></a><br> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=1 height=4 border=0 alt=""><br> <!-- oriental.ru --> <script language="javascript"> java="1.0"; java1=""+"&refer="+escape(document.referrer)+"&page="+ escape(window.location.href); document.cookie="orirating=1; path=/"; java1+="&c="+(document.cookie?"yes":"no"); </script> <script language="javascript1.1">java="1.1";java1+="&java="+(navigator.javaEnabled()?"yes":"no")</script> <script language="javascript1.2">java="1.2"; java1+="&razresh="+screen.width+'x'+screen.height+"&cvet="+ (((navigator.appName.substring(0,3)=="Mic"))? screen.colorDepth:screen.pixelDepth)</script><script language="javascript1.3">java="1.3"</script> <script language="javascript">java1+="&jscript="+java; document.write("<a href='http://oriental.ru/rating/sta.php?id=425' target='_top'><img class=alpha60 "+ " src='http://oriental.ru/rating/img.php?id=425&"+java1+"&' border=0 width=88 height=31 alt=' 59B8=3 >AB>G=>3> ?>@B0;0'></a>")</script> <noscript><a href=http://oriental.ru/rating/sta.php?id=425 target=_top><img class=alpha60 src="http://oriental.ru/rating/img.php?id=425" border=0 width="88" height="31" alt=" 59B8=3 >AB>G=>3> ?>@B0;0"></a></noscript> <!-- /oriental.ru --> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <!-- /footer --> </table> <!-- /page --> </body> </html>