ÿþ<html> <head> <!-- /1 --> <title>Scientific works in Russian :: Bumali Project</title> <!-- 2/ --> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1251"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="index2.css"> <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript" src="____index.js"></script> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" leftmargin="0" topmargin="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0"><!-- background="pic/z.gif" onload="preloadImages();" --> <!-- page/ --> <table width="100%" height="100%" align=center cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0> <!-- header/ --> <tr height=240> <td background="pic/z_header.jpg"> <table width=945 height=240 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0> <tr> <td width=41> <!-- 645 + 300 = 945 --> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=41 height=1 border=0 alt=""><br> </td> <td width=152> <a href="/"><img src="pic/logo.gif" width="152" height="240" border=0 alt="Bumali Project"></a><br> </td> <td width=170> <div style="position:relative;top:204px;left:14px"> <a href="#"><img src="pic/lang2en1.gif" width="45" height="31" border=0 alt="English"></a><a href="#"><img src="pic/lang2ru0.gif" width="54" height="31" border=0 alt="Russian"></a><a href="#"><img src="pic/lang2cn0.gif" width="33" height="31" border=0 alt="Chinese"></a><br> </div> </td> <td width=282> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=282 height=1 border=0 alt=""><br> </td> <td width=300> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=1 height=4 border=0 alt=""><br> <!--include virtual="ssi/menu-en.shtml"--> <ul> <li><a class=noir2 href="indexch.shtml">Home page</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="01hart.shtml">Sir Robert Hart</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="02customs.shtml">The Imperial Chinese Maritime Customs</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="03expeditions.shtml">The British expeditions to China</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="04tsungli.shtml">Tsungli Yamen</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="05treaties.shtml">China, Japan, Korea, and Powers. Treaties</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="06war.shtml">Franco-Chinese War 1884-1885</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="07maps.shtml">Maps</a> <li><a class=noir2 href="08contact.shtml">Works in Russian</a> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr height=9> <td class="paper1"> <img src="pic/v.gif" width=1 height=9 border=0 alt=""><br> </td> </tr> <!-- /header --> <!-- middle part/ --> <tr height="100%"> <td class="paper2"> <br> <table width="100%" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0> <tr> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="42" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="462" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="22" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> <td><img src="pic/v.gif" width="372" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> <td width="100%"><img src="pic/v.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt=""></td> </tr> <tr> <td><img src="pic/leftpane.jpg" width="42" height="422" border=0 alt=""><br><br></td> <td class="content"> <!-- /2 --> <!-- content/ --> <h3>© Ma@8O C3@>20</h3> <h1>=3;89A:0O ?>;8B8:0 2 8B05 8 A>740=85 8B09A:>9 AA>F80F88 (1889-1894)</h1> <p><i>8@ 2 >2>5 2@5<O. !1>@=8: <0B5@80;>2 48==04F0B>9 2A5@>AA89A:>9 =0CG=>9 :>=D5@5=F88 ABC45=B>2, 0A?8@0=B>2 8 <>;>4KE CG5=KE ?> ?@>1;5<0< <8@>2>9 8AB>@88 XVI-XXI 22. !1.,: $0:C;LB5B <564C=0@>4=KE >B=>H5=89 !1#. 2009. 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"0:, 2 1895 3. 5=5@0;L=K9 ><8B5B AA>F80F88 =0?@02;O5B =5A:>;L:> 70?@>A>2 2 (0=E09A:89, >=:>=3A:89 8 4@C385 :><8B5BK A B@51>20=85< ?@54>AB028BL 40==K5 > D878G5A:>< A>AB>O=88 1@8B0=A:>9 0@<88 8 D;>B0 2 8B05. 548F8=A:85 >BG5BK >F5=820NB 53> :0: :0B0AB@>D8G=>5 ?> A@02=5=8N A 1884-86 33. > 40==K< =0 1896 3. G8A;> 8=D5:F8>==KE 8 25=5@8G5A:8E 701>;520=89 1@8B0=A:8E 2>5==KE 2 8B05 2>7@>A;> 2 420, 0 ?> =5:>B>@K< ?>:070B5;O< 8 2 B@8 @070. >=5G=>, 2>?@>A A>AB>O=8O 2>>@C65==KE A8; =3;88, =0E>4OI8EAO 2 8B05 2 <><5=B >B:@>25==>3> @0745;0 53> =0 AD5@K 2;8O=8O, 70=8<0; 2 MB> 2@5<O =5 ?>A;54=55 <5AB>. </p> <p>@C30O ?@>1;5<0, 8=B5@5A>202H0O AA>F80F8N, MB> 2>?@>A @07;8G=>3> A1>@>2, 2 G0AB=>AB8, =0 AB@>8B5;LAB2> <0O:>2 8 B.4.  80-90-E 33. =3;8O AB@5<8;0AL C:@5?8BL A2>8 ?>78F88 =0 0;L=5< >AB>:5 2 F5;><. 1>AB@5=85 :>=:C@5=F88 70?04=KE 45@602 2K=C640;> 55 8A:0BL A>N7=8:>2 2 40==>< @538>=5. -B8< <>6=> >1JOA=8BL 55 ?>445@6:C /?>=88. >1540 /?>=88 2 2>9=5 A 8B05< 1894-1895 33. >B:@K20;0 «=>2K5 AB@0=8FK 4@0<0B8G5A:>9 8AB>@88 <8@0». /?>=8O 1K;0 206=0 4;O =3;88 =5 B>;L:> :0: ?0@B=5@ ?> B>@3>2;5, => :0: @5H0NI89 D0:B>@ 0=3;89A:>3> ?@>=8:=>25=8O 2 8B09. > 2B>@>9 ?>;>28=5 80-E 33. XIX 2. /?>=8N AB0;8 @0AA<0B@820BL :0: A8;C, A?>A>1=CN, =0@O4C A 8B05<, A>459AB2>20BL =3;88 2 55 1>@L15 A @CAA:8< F0@87<>< =0 0;L=5< >AB>:5.  1890 3. 1@8B0=A:>5 ?@028B5;LAB2> AB0;> =0 ?CBL CABC?>: /?>=88. B 1894 3. 53> :C@A 2K@078;AO 2 B0:8E 48?;><0B8G5A:8E H030E, :0: 70:;NG5=85 4>3>2>@0 >B 16 8N;O 1894 3., >B<5=O2H53> :>=AC;LA:CN N@8A48:F8N 2 /?>=88 (A 1899 3.), 8 ?>?KB:0 A:;>=8BL 8B09 : CABC?:0< /?>=88 2 :>@59A:>< 2>?@>A5. B=>H5=85 : O?>=>-:8B09A:>9 2>9=5 1894-1895 33. @0AF5=820;>AL :@09=5 =5>4=>7=0G=> 2 =3;88. A;8 7040BLAO 2>?@>A><, 1K;0 ;8 2K3>4=0 5;8:>1@8B0=88 MB0 2>9=0, B> 2> 2A5E >B=>H5=8OE >B25B ?>;>68B5;5=. /?>=8O 2 1894 3. 45;0;0 B>, GB> 2 :0:>9-B> AB5?5=8 A45;0;0 $@0=F8O 2 1884 3.  >B:@K;0 8B09. A;8 ?>A;5 D@0=:>-:8B09A:>9 2>9=K 2 8B09 «E;K=C;8» 0=3;89A:85 M:A?548F88, B> ?>A;5 O?>=>-:8B09A:>9 2>9=K 2 8B09 ?@>AB> @8=C;8AL 2A5 70?04=K5 45@602K, 45;O >4=515A=CN 8<?5@8N =0 AD5@K 2;8O=8O. </p> <p>KAB@>5 CA8;5=85 /?>=88 2K720;> =0@CH5=85 ?>;8B8G5A:>3> @02=>25A8O =0 0;L=5< >AB>:5. > MB>B D0:B >AB020;AO A:@KBK< >B 27>@0 =01;N40B5;59 4> @073@><0 8B0O 2 1894-1895 33., O282H53>AO =5>6840==>ABLN 4;O <=>38E ?@028B5;LAB2. 5A<>B@O =0 ?@>8AH54H85 ?5@5<5=K, =3;8O A>E@0=O;0 B>@3>2>5 8 D8=0=A>2>5 3>A?>4AB2> 2 8B05. > 55 ?>;8B8G5A:>5 2;8O=85 =0 :8B09A:>5 ?@028B5;LAB2> C65 =5 1K;> 8A:;NG8B5;L=K<. «8B09A:0O AA>F80F8O» AB@5<8;0AL 8A?>;L7>20BL 2A5 2>7<>6=>AB8 CA8;8BL 0=3;89A:>5 2;8O=85 2 8B05, ?KB0OAL 4028BL =0 %0@B0. > 53> <=5=85 70G0ABCN =5 1K;> AE>4=> A B>G:>9 7@5=8O 1>;LH8=AB20 G;5=>2 AA>F80F88: «"@51>20=85 8B09A:>9 AA>F80F859 1@8B0=F0 2 (0=E05 (=0 4>;6=>AB8 B0<>65==>3> 8=A?5:B>@0) :@09=5 >H81>G=>, 8 <=5=85 (0=E09A:>9 B>@3>2>9 ?0;0BK =5 A>>B25BAB2CNB ?>A;54=8< B@51>20=8O< - <K 4>;6=K 27OBL 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0, 8 B0<>6=O =5 4>;6=0 @0AA<0B@820BLAO :0: 1@8B0=A:>5 CG@5645=85!». %0@B :>=AB0B8@>20;: «! <>59 B>G:8 7@5=8O, 1>;55 2A53> <>65B =0=5AB8 2@54 A>3;0A85 A B5<, GB> 35=5@0;L=K9 8=A?5:B>@ 4>;65= 1KBL 1@8B0=F5<: MB> A;8H:>< ?@82;5:05B 2=8<0=85 : 4>;6=>AB8 8 ?@8405B 59 ?>;8B8G5A:89 E0@0:B5@, G53> O ?KB0;AO 2A5340 871530BL...». </p> <p>>1540 $@0=F88 2 ?@>B82>AB>O=88 87-70 ==0<0 8 55 8=B5@5A : $>@<>75 ACI5AB25==> ?>2;8O;8 =0 0=3;>-O?>=A:85 >B=>H5=8O. # /?>=88 1K;8 A2>8 284K =0 $>@<>7C, :>B>@CN >=0 @0AA<0B@820;0 :0: A2>N B5@@8B>@8N, @02=> :0: 8 >@5N. "0:8< >1@07><, ?@5B5=4CO =0 $>@<>7C, $@0=F8O AB0=>28;0AL 2@03>< /?>=88 8 ?>4B0;:820;0 55 =0 A1;865=85 A =3;859, :>B>@>9 MB> 1K;> =0 B>B <><5=B 2K3>4=>. 5 ?@>AB> B0: :8B09A:0O B0<>6=O >@30=87C5B 8AA;54>20B5;LA:85 M:A?548F88 =0 $>@<>7C 2 <><5=B 2>5==KE 459AB289 8B0O A $@0=F859. =0G8B, 2>?@>A =5 >AB020;AO 157 2=8<0=8O 8 B@51>20; 65AB:>3> :>=B@>;O. =3;>-O?>=A:><C A1;865=8N A?>A>1AB2>20;8 8 459AB28O A> AB>@>=K >AA88. B 1893-1894 33. . 0=4@8 CB25@640;, GB> «=3;8O, 8B09 8 /?>=8O 4>;6=K 2> 2708<=KE 8=B5@5A0E A>2<5AB=> ?@5?OBAB2>20BL 2B>@65=8N >AA88 2 >@5N A F5;LN 70E20B0 =570<5@70NI53> ?>@B0». 5@7>= ?8A0; >1 MB><: «@C65AB25==K5 >B=>H5=8O <564C =0<8 8 /?>=859 ?><>3CB 59 2 B>@3>2>< 8 ?@><KH;5==>< @0728B88, 2 :>B>@>< >=0 845B ?> =0H8< 65 AB>?0<, 8 2 B> 65 2@5<O >=8 CB25@4OB =0H5 3>A?>4AB2> =0 >:50=A:8E ?CBOE. >4>1=>5 65 >B=>H5=85 : 8B0N CA8;8B 53> 2 A>?@>B82;5=88, 4;O G53> 5ABL 5I5 2@5<O, ?@>B82 548=AB25==>3> 2@030 [ >AA88, - . .], :>B>@>3> >= 8<55B @50;L=K5 ?@8G8=K 1>OBLAO, 8 C?@>AB8B =0< 4>ABC? =0 53> B5@@8B>@8N =0 ACH5».</p> <p> A0<>9 65 /?>=88 >B=>A8B5;L=> >AA88 8 =3;88 =5 1K;> 548=>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O. @5<L5@-<8=8AB@ /?>=88 B> 1K; A:;>=5= : A>3;0H5=8N A >AA859.  /?>=88 1K;8 A8;L=K =0AB@>5=8O 2 ?>;L7C @0728B8O @CAA:>-O?>=A:>9 B>@3>2;8. >;55 <>;>4K5 48?;><0BK, B0:85 :0: %0OA8, 8A8, 0B>, 2 1894-95 33. ?@54?>G8B0;8 A1;865=85 /?>=88 A =3;859.  1892 3. 2> 2=5H=59 B>@3>2;5 /?>=88 =0 =3;8N ?@8E>48;>AL 35% (2 1890 3. 41%) .  1893 3. 87 23 <;=. D. AB. 2A53> >1>@>B0 2=5H=59 B>@3>2;8 /?>=88 A2KH5 9.25 <;=. ?@8E>48;>AL =0 @8B0=A:CN 8<?5@8N. 07<5@ 1@8B0=A:>9 B>@3>2;8 A /?>=859 2>7@0AB0;. -:A?>@B 87 @8B0=A:>9 8<?5@88 2 /?>=8N A>AB02;O; 2 1893 3. >:>;> 6 <;=., 0 8<?>@B 2 @8B0=8N 87 /?>=88 >:>;> 3.3 <;=. @8 MB><, A>:@0B8;0AL 4>;O B>@3>2;8 A @8B0=A:>9 =4859. /?>=8O 2 =540;5:>< 1C4CI5< <>3;0 ?@52@0B8BLAO 2 :@C?=K9 @K=>: A1KB0 4;O 0=3;89A:8E B>20@>2. 4=0:> O?>=A:85 D01@8:0=BK 8 :C?FK C65 2 80-E 33. :>=:C@8@>20;8 A ?@><KH;5==>ABLN 8 B>@3>2;59 ><15O 8 0=:0H8@0, =0=>AO 8< A5@L57=K9 C@>=. « =0G0;5 1885 3. 2 /?>=88 ACI5AB2>20;> 2A53> 19 ?@O48;L=KE D01@8: A> 2A53> ;8HL 50,000 ?@O48;LI8F0<8, 0 2 :>=F5 1893 3. 8E 1K;> C65 46 8 >:>;> 600,000 ?@O48;LI8F... K2>7 E;>?G0B>1C<06=>9 ?@O68 2 /?>=8N 87 ><15O A 1888 4> 1896 3. A>:@0B8;AO =0 90%, 0 87 =3;88  =0 40%. #A8;8202H55AO 2 /?>=88 AB@5<;5=85 >B<5=8BL ?>H;8=K =0 22>7 E;>?:0 8 2K2>7 B:0=59 <>3;> ?@825AB8 : 40;L=59H5<C CEC4H5=8N ?>;>65=8O». </p> <p>5>1E>48<> >B<5B8BL 8 B>B D0:B, GB> 2 1893 3. <564C =3;859 8 $@0=F859 <>3;8 =0G0BLAO 2>5==K5 459AB28O 87-70 B5@@8B>@88 !80<0.  2>4K !80<0 1K; ?>A;0= 1@8B0=A:89 D;>B. $@0=F8O B0:65 =0?@028;0 A2>8 :>@01;8 4;O >:070=8O 402;5=8O =0 !80<, GB>1K 4>18BLAO >B =53> 2K?>;=5=8O A2>8E B@51>20=89 :0A0B5;L=> 3@0=8F. $@0=F8O 4065 ?@>2>73;0A8;0 «B8E>>:50=A:CN 1;>:04C» !80<0. > =3;8O ?> ACI5AB2CNI5<C <564C=0@>4=><C ?@02C <>3;0 ?@87=0BL MBC 1;>:04C ;8HL 2 B>< A;CG05, 5A;8 1C45B ?@>2>73;0H5=0 2>9=0. 48= 87 D@0=FC7A:8E :@59A5@>2 =0?@028; A2>8 >@C48O =0 0=3;89A:>5 AC4=>, GB> 1K;> ?> <>@A:><C MB8:5BC B>3> 2@5<5=8 =5A;KE0==K< >A:>@1;5=85< 4;O ?>A;54=53>.  B> 65 2@5<O 0=3;89A:>9 AB>@>=>9 1K;> ?>;CG5=> A>>1I5=85 > B><, GB> D@0=FC7A:><C 04<8@0;C 1K;> ?@8:070=> =0?@028BL AC4=> «8==5B» 2 0=3:>:. 5<=>3> 2@5<5=8 A?CABO D@0=FC7A:89 04<8@0; ?>A;0; A2>53> ?@54AB028B5;O : :0?8B0=C 0=3;89A:>3> AC4=0 4;O ?@8=5A5=8O 8728=5=89. «"8E>>:5=A:0O 1;>:040» B0:65 1K;0 A=OB0. <5==> ?>A;5 MB>3> ?>4?8AK205BAO A>3;0H5=85 <564C /?>=859 8 5;8:>1@8B0=859. </p> <p>>9=0 <564C /?>=859 8 8B05< 1K;0 :>@>B:>9 8 ?>154>=>A=>9. 8 >4=0 52@>?59A:0O 45@6020 =5 2<5H820;0AL 2 2>5==K5 459AB28O.  :>=FC 80  E 33. XIX 25:0 =3;8O 8<5;0 7=0G8B5;L=>5 G8A;> 1K2H8E B>@3>2F52, 3>AC40@AB25==KE G8=>2=8:>2 8;8 2>5==KE, CH54H8E 2 >BAB02:C ?>A;5 4;8B5;L=>9 @01>BK 2 8B05 8 2 /?>=88. -B> 1K;8 8AB8==K5 7=0B>:8 0;L=53> >AB>:0, G59 >?KB <>6=> 8 =C6=> 1K;> 8A?>;L7>20BL. 0 B5@@8B>@88 A0<>3> 8B0O =0E>48;>AL >3@><=>5 :>;8G5AB2> 1@8B0=A:8E @57845=B>2, ?@>4>;602H8E @01>B0BL, B>@3>2CN 8 8=CN 45OB5;L=>ABL :>B>@KE =5>1E>48<> 1K;> :>=B@>;8@>20BL. @30=870F8O, ?>;CG82H0O =0720=85 «8B09A:0O AA>F80F8O», 70=8<0;0AL =5 B>;L:> 2>?@>A0<8, A2O70==K<8 A 8B05<, => 8 ?@>1;5<0<8, :0A0NI8<8AO 1@8B0=A:>9 ?>;8B8:8 2 /?>=88. @8 MB><, O@:> 2K@065==0O 55 B>@3>20O =0?@02;5==>ABL A;>6=> 2?8AK20;0AL 2 O?>=A:85 @50;88, B.:. B>@3>2K5 A2O78 5;8:>1@8B0=88 A /?>=859 1K;8 =57=0G8B5;L=K ?> A@02=5=8N A 8B05<. 45AL =0?@0H8205BAO 2K2>4 > B><, GB> 40==0O >@30=870F8O =5D>@<0;L=> A;C68;0 8=D>@<0F8>==K< ?>A@54=8:>< <564C 1@8B0=A:8<8 @57845=B0<8 2 /?>=88 8 F5=B@0;L=K< ?@028B5;LAB2><, @07@010BK20O 8 >1AC640O 2=5H=5?>;8B8G5A:89 :C@A =3;88 =0 0;L=5< >AB>:5. >;L «7=0B>:>2» 2>AB>:0, CG0AB2CNI8E ?0@;0<5=BA:8E 4510B0E 8 70=8<0NI8EAO ?0@0;;5;L=> B>9 8;8 8=>9 3>AC40@AB25==>9 8 :><<5@G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>ABLN, 2 40==>< A;CG05 <>3;> ?><>GL 1@8B0=A:><C ?@028B5;LAB2C @07>1@0BLAO 2 A;>682H59AO A8BC0F88 =0 0;L=5< >AB>:5. >?@>A > A>740=88 40==>9 >@30=870F88 8<5==> 2 1889 3. 2AB0;, 2>7<>6=>, ?>A;5 >:>=G0=8O >::C?0F88 =3;859 >@B0 0<8;LB>= 2 >@55, :>340 >:>=G0B5;L=> AD>@<8@>20;AO 55 ?>;8B8G5A:89 :C@A 2 >B=>H5=88 /?>=88 8 8B0O, 8 5;8:>1@8B0=8O =0G0;0 F5;5=0?@02;5==CN ?>43>B>2:C /?>=88 : 2>9=5. </p> <p> A;>682H59AO 2 80-90-E 33. XIX 25:0 2=5H=5?>;8B8G5A:>9 >1AB0=>2:5 4;O 5;8:>1@8B0=88 ?@>1;5<0 :>;>=80;L=>3> 2;8O=8O =0 0;L=5< >AB>:5 >BE>48;0 =0 2B>@>9 ?;0=, CABC?0O <5AB> 2>?@>A0<, A2O70==K< A >1I5?>;8B8G5A:>9 A8BC0F859 2 2@>?5 8 ?@>B82>459AB28N D>@<8@>20=8O D@0=:>-@CAA:>3> 0;LO=A0. 4=0:> MB> =5 >7=0G0;> ?>;=>3> 55 157459AB28O 2 40;L=52>AB>G=>< @538>=5. ! 1882 3. 2 1@8B0=A:>9 40;L=52>AB>G=>9 ?>;8B8:5 ?>O2;O5BAO :>@59A:89 D0:B>@. A?>;L7CO >?KB CG@5645=8O 8B09A:8E <>@A:8E B0<>65=, =3;8O ?> 8E >1@07FC >A=>20;0 2 >@55 <>@A:85 B0<>6=8, >@30=87>202 F5=B@0;87>20==>5 ?>ABC?;5=85 45=56=KE A@54AB2 2 3>AC40@AB25==CN :07=C 8 @53C;O@=>5 ?>30H5=85 704>;65==>AB8 >@58 ?5@54 70?04=K<8 45@6020<8 8 /?>=859. #40G=K9 >?KB 2545=8O D8=0=A>2KE 45; 2 8B05 8 >@55 ?>A@54AB2>< @C:>2>48B5;59 <>@A:8E B0<>65= 2 C:070==KE 3>AC40@AB20E ?>72>;8; =3;88 ?@52@0B8BL MB8E @C:>2>48B5;59 2 1@8B0=A:8E 035=B>2 2;8O=8O =0 0;L=5< >AB>:5, 0 A0<8 B0<>6=8  2 >D8F80;L=K9 >@30= :>A25==>3> D8=0=A>2>3> :>=B@>;O. >@59A:89 D0:B>@ CA?5H=> 8A?>;L7>20;AO 5;8:>1@8B0=859 2 ?>AB@>5=88 55 2708<>>B=>H5=89 A /?>=859 :0: 4>?>;=8B5;L=K9 A?>A>1 402;5=8O =0 8B09. >;L =3;88 2 O?>=>-:8B09A:>< :>=D;8:B5 1894-1895 33. 1K;0 ACI5AB25==>9. @8B0=A:0O 2>5==0O MA:04@0 :>=B@>;8@>20;0 459AB28O /?>=88. "0:8< >1@07><, =0 2B>@>< MB0?5 2 40;L=52>AB>G=>< @538>=5 ?>O2;ONBAO =5A:>;L:> :;NG52KE 83@>:>2 :0: A> AB>@>=K 70?04=KE 3>AC40@AB2, A <=5=85< :>B>@KE 5;8:>1@8B0=88 ?@8E>48BAO AG8B0BLAO, B0: 8 A> AB>@>=K 2>AB>G=KE, A@548 :>B>@KE ACI5AB25==> CA8;820NBAO ?>78F88 /?>=88. >2>@>B : C:@5?;5=8N >B=>H5=89 =3;88 A /?>=859 ?@>8AE>48B 2 ?5@8>4 D@0=:>-:8B09A:>9 2>9=K 1884-1885 33. @8>@8B5BK 1@8B0=A:>9 2=5H=59 ?>;8B8:8 @0A?@545;ONBAO B0:8< >1@07><, GB> =3;8O >:07K205B A>459AB285 /?>=88 =5 B>;L:> 2 2>?@>A0E B>@3>2;8, => @0AA<0B@8205B MBC AB@0=C :0: D0:B>@, :>B>@K9 ?>72>;8B 59 2 1C4CI5<, 2 A8BC0F88 2>7@0AB0NI59 :>=:C@5=F88 8 A>?5@=8G5AB20 A 4@C38<8 70?04=K<8 45@6020<8, C:@5?8BL A2>8 ?>78F88 =0 0;L=5< >AB>:5. 06=CN @>;L 2 MB>< ?@>F5AA5 83@0;0 8B09A:0O AA>F80F8O. </p> <h2>!! " "# +</h2> <p>@070CA:0A . !8::8<: 22-9 HB0B =488. ., 1980. The Economist, weekly commercial times, banker s gazette and railmen monitor: a political, literary and general newspaper. March 14, London, 1884. Escott T.H.S. 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